Search results - CEJSH

1

Internal Security in the Historical Perspective – an Outline. Part 2.

100%

Majer P.

Internal Security

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2011

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vol. 3(2)

267-290

EN

The author presents the second part of the article on development of internal security over the centuries. The eras discussed in the first part of the paper, which was published in the Internal Security issue of June 2011, were linked to the two most prevalent types of state at that time: antiquity — a slave state, and the Middle Ages – a feudal state. The state in the modern era evolved by transforming from a feudal state into the capitalist state, and in the twentieth century, some took the form of a socialist state. The changes that occurred influenced the components of internal security, and are described in minute detail. The article comprises deliberations on personal security, the security of state authorities and existence. As was pointed out, personal security was in general subject to improvement, which undoubtedly was the result of the spread of positive laws, the introduction of the principle of equality before the law, and development of institutions upholding public order and security. The factors being discussed herein were strengthened in the twentieth century by the development of civil and human rights. Security of existence increased as a result of affluence of society and improvement in social legislation, introducing a variety of guarantees associated with difficult situations. The security of state organs was provided largely by political, institutional and legal measures. However, these positive trends collapsed in countries, especially in totalitarian ones, that did not respect democratic rules. The article ends with an emphasis put on basic conclusions.

2

Space as a New Category of Threats to National Security

100%

BIELAWSKI R.

Safety & Defense

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2019

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vol. 5

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issue 2

1-7

EN

The scientific considerations presented in this paper concern threats to national security arising from the activity in outer space. The objective of this analysis is to identify these dangers and to propose solutions to minimize them. The theoretical research methods employed in this study are: synthesis, analysis, abstracting and generalization. In the course of the analysis, several modern threats were established, including anti-satellite and hypersonic weapons. Another important sphere discussed in the paper is the cyber security of satellite/communication devices and systems operating in space. With respect to satellite systems, the EA-18G Growler electronic warfare aircraft was presented as one of the concepts developed with the capability of disrupting their operation. The results from the conducted study emphasize the need to create a Space Domain Awareness (SDA) system, which is substantiated by the indication of natural threats that must beminimized, namely space debris, space weather and the possibility of collision with Near-Earth Objects. The presented considerations are concluded by the analysis of the legislative state regarding space security, which in reality accentuate the incompatibility of the existing laws with the emerging threats, and other issues concerning space law.

3

Raising public and private user awareness of the threats and risks related to cyberspace security

100%

Makuch A.

Cybersecurity and Law

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2022

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vol. 8

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issue 2

44-55

EN

Modern cybersecurity efforts require the identification ofthe risks and threats associated with the cyberenvironment by consistently increasing public awareness of the dual nature of cyberspace and its use for the purposes of cooperation, and for the purposes of warfare and crime. Raising awareness today means involving both public and private users in cooperationfor the sake of both the common good and common interests involving standards for the use of virtual space.

4

Personal Security within the Human Security Paradigm

100%

Gierszewski J.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2017

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vol. 23(23)

51-66

EN

This paper attempts to answer the question of for whom is security relevant, and whether security is a category which constitutes the point of reference to the idea of personal security. Until very recently, security was associated with threats originating from the political and military situation of the state, not individuals. The traditional system was based on the state-centric approach to security. The idea of human security, on the other hand, in contrast to the traditional system, expands the definition of security threats. Human security combines the security of individuals with that of the state. The article focuses on examining the relations between the security of the state the idea of human security. Analysing those relations allowed for the development of the term: personal security.

5

Wide comprehension of securitology in studies on culture of national security

100%

Piwowarski J.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2013

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vol. 10(10)

35-38

EN

The article concerns issue of the concept of national security in the transdisciplinary research area of security studies. Recalled were the most important definitions of national security and culture of national security to accentuate how the comprehension of this concept varies in modern countries and depends on the conception of nation characteristic for a state. National security is of great importance for contemporary security studies and for the security of each state, therefore it is important to understand the mechanism of this phenomenon as well as the conception itself. The objective was also to accentuate how important it is to perceive this phenomenon widely i.e. taking into account also a cultural aspect of the state security.

6

Security of the State and National Security. Main Research Positions and the Practice of the Polish Legislator

100%

Kitler W.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2020

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vol. 33(33)

40-73

EN

The author is of the opinion that the commonly accepted view about the identity, the concept, and the content of state security and national security in Poland is burdened with numerous flaws, which is confirmed by the legislative practice, planning, and the organizational activity of the state. The author poses a question whether mutual relationships between the concepts of state security and national security exist in the views of Polish theorists and in Polish legislation and, if they do, what they are. Of the methods of establishing the identity of state and national security and the mutual relationship between these terms, one of the ways to see the complexity of the issue is to refer to legislation. The author puts forward a hypothesis that both Polish law and the practical planning and organizational activities of public administration and other entities provide many arguments that these concepts are not identical, but there are strong axiological, epistemological, and ontological links between them. The author is convinced that determination of the domain of the concepts in question and the relationships between them will make it easier for public administration bodies to plan, organize, and carry out specific tasks in the field of security.

7

Studia Politologiczne vol. 49

100%

Gasztold A., Brzeziński M., i inni i. i.

Studia Politologiczne

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2018

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vol. 49

1-308

PL

Tom „Studiów Politologicznych” poświęcony jest teoretycznym i praktycznym aspektom bezpieczeństwa państwa. Czytelnik znajdzie w nim teksty autorstwa Ryszarda Zięby, Tomasza R. Aleksandrowicza, Tomasza Pawłuszki, Marka Madeja, Agnieszki Leguckiej, Agaty Włodkowskiej-Bagan, Andrzeja Misiuka, Magdaleny Dobrowolskiej-Opały, Michała Brzezińskiego, Anny Sroki, Katarzyny Trofimowicz-Kalinowskiej oraz Remigiusza Rosickiego. Ich treść obejmuje problematykę współczesnego bezpieczeństwa, oddając jej złożoność oraz zmienność.

8

Personal Security within the Human Security Paradigm

100%

Gierszewski J.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

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2018

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vol. 23(23)

51-66

EN

This paper attempts to answer the question of for whom is security relevant, and whether security is a category which constitutes the point of reference to the idea of personal security. Until very recently, security was associated with threats originating from the political and military situation of the state, not individuals. The traditional system was based on the state-centric approach to security. The idea of human security, on the other hand, in contrast to the traditional system, expands the definition of security threats. Human security combines the security of individuals with that of the state. The article focuses on examining the relations between the security of the state the idea of human security. Analysing those relations allowed for the development of the term: personal security.

9

Internal Security in the Historical Perspective – an Outline. Part 1.

100%

Majer P.

Internal Security

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2011

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vol. 3(1)

129-144

EN

Internal security is an evolving concept constantly broadening its scope. It is generally understood that internal security comprises three facets – stability of the state and its institutions, soundness of the material foundations of the society and dependability of the legal system established and supported by the state. In the age of slavery, the slaves – constituting a majority of the society – were deprived of the sense of personal security, in contrast to the citizens whose rights and liberties were protected by the state. Security of existence depended very much on the social status. State institutions in turn were deemed sacred, their significance firmly anchored in tradition, and as such untouchable by mortals. In the feudal state slavery dwindled and the general sense of personal security improved, it remained however strongly dependent on one’s position in the social strata. Stability of the state institutions increased due to their new structure, building up on the previous strenghts. The Church contributed vastly to the security of existence by charity and care. Those functions were gradually taken up by the state, beginning in England in the 16th century.

10

Uwarunkowania normatywne i systemowe przestępstwa politycznego w Polsce w latach 1944/1945–1997

100%

Kuczur T.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2022

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issue 1(168)

57-78

EN

Political crimes constitute a specific “set” of prohibited acts undertaken by the perpetrator in specific historical and political conditionalities. In the Criminal Penal Code of 19 April 1969 and in the Penal Code of 6 June 1997, the legislator distinguished the factual states circumstances of acts directed against the State that bear the features of punishable acts of a political nature. After 1944/1945, the concept of “counter-revolutionary crime” was developed in the doctrine of communist criminal law. However, after the breakthrough of 1989, in the new social and political reality, it was necessary for the legislator to respond to the acts committed in the previous system, consistent with the legal norms of that time, but classified under new legal and political circumstances as crimes committed on behalf of state authorities or as state crimes. Thus, individual acts, in different circumstances, had a certain political potential and should be treated as political crimes.

11

O tak zwanym szpiegu i terroryście koronnym

100%

Hoc S.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2017

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vol. 43

153-175

EN

The subject of this article is the authorization of intelligence services in preventing and combating the offences of espionage and terrorism. It describes the regulations of the Second Polish Republic regarding espionage, a draft Act on Intelligence Activities, the rule of law and opportunism, and most importantly new regulations under the anti-terrorism law.

12

Concept of Combating Terrorism in Ukraine. Organizational and Legal Aspects

100%

Butkevich S.

Internal Security

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2013

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vol. 5(2)

141-152

EN

The article presents the formulation and implementation of the Concept of combating terrorism in Ukraine. In the paper, the author analyses the administrative and legal aspects of the formation and development of the national antiterrorism legislation, the objectives and principles of combating terrorism, criminal and administrative responsibility for offenses of terrorist nature, law enforcement and other state agencies authorized to participate in combating terrorism, etc. Through the prism of national security problematic issues of preventing and combating terrorism in Ukraine are studied. Emphasis is placed on strategic programs of combating terrorism, as well as the legal framework of the organization and conduct of antiterrorist operations by law enforcement agencies. Based on the conducted analysis, the ways to further improvement of certain provisions of anti-terrorism legislation of Ukraine were proposed. Such areas of implementation of the concept of combating terrorism in Ukraine, as a warning of terrorist activity; detection and suppression of terrorist activities, elimination and minimization of consequences of terrorist activities, informational, scientific and other support to fight against terrorism, international cooperation on combating terrorism were characterized in detail. Based on this analysis, the real and potential threats of terrorist nature to the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, legitimate interests of society and the state were determined. In addition, the author proves the priority of preventive actions and measures to combat terrorism, the need to eliminate (minimize) the effects of terrorist activities, the importance of preventing and combating the financing of terrorism. This scientific paper has not only theoretical, but also considerable practical importance for the further development of the national anti-terrorism legislation. The research provides a holistic view of the existing problems in the doctrine of preventing and combating terrorism in the context of the current political and economic development of Ukraine, existing threats to national and international security.

13

Cooperation Between State Agencies and NGOs in Crisis Situations

100%

Szydłowski D., Martyniak K.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

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2018

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issue 4

17-20

EN

The Police, as the most numerous uniformed formation in the Republic of Poland (over one hundred thousand officers), with strictly hierarchical command structure, is responsible for maintaining internal and legal order in the country. The Police has been entrusted with many competences one of which is the possibility to enter into cooperation with external entities, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The term NGO refers to all entities that are not public administration bodies, and whose activity is not aimed at making a profit. A characteristic feature of non-governmental organizations is, as the very name implies, the lack of link to public authorities. In Poland, this notion is defined in the Act on Public Benefit and Volunteer Work of 2003 which introduces an extended definition of non-governmental organizations as entities conducting public benefit activities (ngo.pl, 2018). The purpose of this paper is to bring up the subjects related to the cooperation of the Police and other state bodies with non-governmental organizations in the implementation of statutory tasks related to security and crisis management. The authors determine the place of NGOs in the system of ensuring security, draw conclusions and provide possible recommendations regarding this cooperation.

88%

Brudnicka J.

Securitologia

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2016

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issue 2 (24)

63-71

EN

For almost two decades, since obtaining independence, Fiji has been viewed as an example of perfect and successful operating democracy. There had been many internationally recognised indicators proving the effectiveness of this political system, both for security and economic prosperity. Then, everything collapsed. While the explanation for the conflicts occured in the small island region is often summarized very sketchy in a general phrase „ethnic tensions”, in fact, the problems are far more complex. It has been pointed out that where such tensions do exist, they are usually accompanied by other factors, such as disputes over lands, economic disparities and a lack of confidence in the government’s ability or the willingness to solve the basic problems. Similar pattern can be observed in Europe and North America, where the institutional system was unable to survive in the past over petrified also in XIXth century traditional tribal structure. Liberal democracy is simply unable to deal and cope with problems generated by the society of different mentality and social attitudes. Nevertheless, Fijian axiological system is dominated by European protestant values, so the question should be raised: why Westerners from Europe, the United States, Australia, New Zealand failed to incorporate Fiji into the system of western alliances? Why did they leave an open and empty space for Russian and Chinese infiltration?

20

The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation

88%

Pietkiewicz M.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2018

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vol. 3 (47)

505-520

EN

In December 2017 and January 2018, the Sejm and Senate, thanks to the votes of the deputies of ruling party Law and Justice, passed hugely controversial law amending inter alia Polish Electoral Code. Its adoption was opposed by the parliamentary opposition, by the electoral administration bodies and by many experts, however unsuccessfully. The enactment of this law destabilises the electoral system without a clear or evident need and treats the electoral code as a political instrument. Secondly, it does not provide the sufficient time for adaptation (vacatio legis), which may jeopardise free and fair local elections and the stability of the political system. Thirdly, the bill contains numerous unclear provisions and is in many parts written in a careless and contradictory way. Such amendments do not correspond with the European standards, described in the Venice Commission’s Code of Good Practice in Electoral Matters.

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