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State Borders in the Light of International Public Law. An Outline of the Issues

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Łaski P.

Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

2021

vol. 13

31-44

Apportionment of authority among states in the space is one of the fundamental function of public international law and aim of that serves state borders institution. State borders are define as a line or surface separating state territories in land, martime and airspace. However exist different kind of borders that their establish in space bases on delimitation and demarcation. As long as do not give rise controversy establish land and maritime borders, while in spite of lack border determine in air space accept that sit height about 100–150 km. To sum up in the light of public international law exists and significant border is submit of principle of territorial integrity of states at the same time by their establish essential role plays crucial role effectiveness in carry out control of territory and borders. Therefore the principle of territorial integrity of States and effectiveness control over territory defines essence and role of state border.

The significance of the Black Sea in Turko-Soviet relations in 1939–1946

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Olszowska K. W.

Folia Historica Cracoviensia

2021

vol. 27

issue 2

43-61

Morze Czarne oraz cieśniny czarnomorskie podczas II wojny światowej i zaraz po jej zakończeniu miały istotny wpływ na kształtowanie się relacji turecko-sowieckich. Już na początku wojny Moskwa starała się wymusić na Ankarze rewizję traktatu z Montreux. Naciski sowieckie uzależnione były od sytuacji wojennej, powróciły, gdy Alianci zaczęli zyskiwać przewagę w konflikcie. W 1945 roku Turcja, obawiając się braku poparcia w przypadku konfliktu ze Związkiem Radzieckim, gotowa była na ustępstwa, w następnym roku Moskwa coraz śmielej zaczęła w swoich notach domagać się rewizji traktatu z Montreux w taki sposób, aby o Cieśninach decydowały państwa czarnomorskie, a na straży bezpieczeństwa Bosforu i Dardanele stały Turcja i Związek Radziecki. Ankarę mogło w tym okresie uratować tylko wsparcie zachodnie – a w dłuższym kontekście wybuch zimnej wojny.

The Black Sea and the Black Sea Straits during World War II and immediately after its end had a huge impact on the formation of Turkish-Soviet relations. Already at the beginning of the war, Moscow tried to force Ankara to revise the Montreux Treaty. Soviet pressure depended on the war situation and resurfaced as the Allies began winning the war. In 1945, Turkey, fearing a lack of support in the event of a conflict with the Soviet Union, was ready to make concessions, and in the following year Moscow began to boldly demand a revision of the Montreux Treaty in its notes in such a way that the straits would be decided by the Black Sea states, and the security guards Turkey and the Soviet Union were to become the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. Ankara could only have been saved by Western support during this period - and in the longer context by the outbreak of the Cold War.

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1 Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review

1 Folia Historica Cracoviensia

1 Olszowska K. W.

1 Łaski P.

2 2021

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State Borders in the Light of International Public Law. An Outline of the Issues

The significance of the Black Sea in Turko-Soviet relations in 1939–1946