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PL
Łowicz jest miastem położonym w centralnej Polsce, w województwie łódzkim, o bogatej historii, kulturze i tradycji. Dzieje miasta sięgają aż do roku 1136 (pierwsza informacja ukazała się w Bulli Papieskiej), było wówczas ośrodkiem gospodarczym, duchowym i naukowym – znajdował się tu dwór prymasowski. Łowicz jest stolicą Ziemi Łowickiej, którą zamieszkuje ludność nazywana tradycyjne „Księżakami”. W okresie transformacji ustrojowej doszło do zmian zarówno gospodarczych, przestrzennych, jak i społecznych. Likwidacja dużych zakładów pracy doprowadziła do degradacji terenów przemysłowych. Konsekwencją są problemy przestrzenne i funkcjonalne centrum miasta i usytuowanych w nim terenów kolejowych, które stały się barierą dla rozwoju tej części miasta. Kolejnym problemem jest wykluczenie społeczne ludności zamieszkującej często zabytkowe kamienice oraz zmniejszenie się liczby mieszkańców z 31 750 osób w 1998 roku do 29 606 w 2011 roku (GUS). Przed władzami miasta stoją duże wyzwania: zachęcenie młodych ludzi do pozostania w mieście, a przedsiębiorców do inwestowania, rewitalizacja terenów poprzemysłowych, zwiększenie konkurencyjności miasta, poprawa jakości życia mieszkańców, zmniejszenie różnic społecznych.
EN
Łowicz is a town in central Poland, situated in the Łódź province with a very rich history, culture and tradition. The history of the city reached to year 1136 (the first information appeared in the Papal Bull); it was the economic, spiritual and scientific center at that time – there was a primate court. Łowicz is the capital of the Łowicka Earth inhabited by people traditionally called “Księżaki”. In the period of political transformation many economical, spatial and social changes had occurred: liquidation of large workplaces which resulted in degradation of the industrial areas, spatial and functional issues with railway areas situated in the city center, which have become a barrier to its development, social exclusion of people living in the historical buildings and reduction of inhabitants (year 1998 – 31,750 inhabitants, year 2011 – 29,606 inhabitants). There are major challenges which are standing before the city authorities: en-couraging young people to stay in the city and entrepreneurs to invest, redevelopment of brownfields, increasing the city competitiveness, improving a life quality of inhabitants, reducing social differences.
EN
Essential elements of the process of rural renovation programme are: stimulating activity of local communities, cooperation for development, while preserving social identity, cultural heritage and natural environment. Implementing a rural revival programme in Poland: Sectoral Operational Programme “The Restructuring and Modernisation of the Food Sector and the Development of Rural Areas in 2004-2006” (action 2.3 “Rural renovation and protection and preservation of cultural heritage”) evokes criticism. A wide discussion is carried amongst researchers, politicians, social activists, and local government practitioners. The main question remains: “is rural renovation process in Poland conducted in accordance with the rules in European countries or it is only a new formula of rural modernisation with the use of European funds?” The authors are joining the discussion and in the second part of the article they are presenting the assumption of sociological research. The aim of the analysis is to grasp the essence of revitalization of rural areas located in Łódzkie voivodeship, and analyse the question of specificity of rural Revival Programmes. What is the scope and manner of use of local capital? If so, are the results obtained from implementing a rural revival programme in 2004-2006 within the scope of sustainable development? What activities are predominant in the process of project implementation? Is it rural modernisation, revitalization of the rural areas, barrier removal and change in Infrastructure, or creation of social capital and subjectivity of the local community? Has the process of rural renovation in Łódzkie voivodeship got the so called “social face” and if so, to what extent? The major assumption is that rural renovation programme in Łódzkie voivodeship relates more to revitalization material aspects than “spirituality”.
EN
The paper explores the issue of funding the operational programmes effectuated in Poland based on the financial frameworks of the European Union for 2000-2006 and 2007-2013. The membership of Poland in the European Union provides an opportunity to receive additional funds, however the funds absorption also brings about costs. The author's aim is to evaluate the influence of the Polish systems of funding the operational programmes co-financed by the EU structural funds on the public finance. The systemic solutions implemented in Poland affect two basic macroeconomic parameters: public debt and budget deficit.
EN
The aim of the chapter was to analyze the use of European Union structural funds by the sector of small and medium enterprises in the Radom subregion. There was one hypothesis and one research question posed in the study. On the basis of literature studies, as well as the observation of economic reality, the SME sector for the Radom subregion was discussed, as well as the role of European Union structural funds in four programming periods. The theoretical part includes a detailed author's questionnaire containing fifteen variables relating to the effects of implementing projects co-financed by EU funds on a group of 100 companies in the SME sector of the Radom subregion.  The paper contains results for a group of a national study conducted in September 2021 (100 enterprises) that used the method of Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) are presented. The paper contains the author?s original research into a representative group of SME?s enterprises that can be generalised to the entire population.
PL
Głównym celem polityki strukturalnej UE jest zapewnienie wszechstronnego i harmonijnego rozwoju całej Unii, a także zwiększenie stopnia spójności gospodarczej i społecznej. Polityka strukturalna realizowana jest przez Unię Europejską wspólnie z rządami państw członkowskich, które uczestniczą w jej finansowaniu. U jej podstaw leży zasada solidarności finansowej, która oznacza, iż część wpłat dokonywanych przez państwa członkowskie na rzecz budżetu wspólnotowego przekazywana jest regionom opóźnionym w rozwoju pod względem ekonomicznymi i społecznym. Obecny okres programowania, 2007–2013, przynosi zmiany oraz uproszczenia w aplikowaniu o środki unijne. Komisja Europejska zdecydowała, że działania w ramach polityki spójności finansowane będą w ramach dwóch funduszy strukturalnych: Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego oraz Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego, wspieranych przez Fundusz Spójności. Fundusze wspierające rolnictwo i rybołówstwo zostały wyłączone z bezpośredniego finansowania polityki spójności. Programy operacyjne w ramach Europejskiej Współpracy Terytorialnej mają charakter międzynarodowy, biorą w nich udział co najmniej dwa państwa. Za ich przygotowanie odpowiadają międzynarodowe grupy robocze, w skład których wchodzą przedstawiciele państw uczestniczących w danym programie. Nowością w zakresie finansowania jest wspólny budżet programu dla wszystkich partnerów. Komisja podkreśla znaczenie charakteru współpracy poprzez wprowadzenie wspólnych struktur zarządzających programami – wspólnych instytucji zarządzających, certyfikujących i audytowych, międzynarodowych wspólnych sekretariatów technicznych wspierających instytucje zarządzające we wdrażaniu programów. Ponadto, wprowadzono stosowanie zasady partnera wiodącego w realizacji projektów, który ponosi odpowiedzialność za prawidłową realizację projektu oraz za kwestie finansowe, z nim podpisywana jest umowa o dofinansowanie i to on jest odpowiedzialny za całościową koordynację projektu.
EN
The European Commission aims to simplify the system, as seen in the current programs. The point here is all about multi-annual programming, partnership, co-financing and evaluation. The seven-year programming period has been proposed by the Commission, both in relation to the budget, as well as other Community policies, including cohesion policy. Programming is based on an integrated plan (program) development, combining within a single and coherent structure, precisely targeted investment in equipment, infrastructure, innovation and human resources, take into account the specificities of each region. The main principle in which they are programmed and managed funds, promote public-private partnerships has become a principle of partnership. Maintained additionality principle has also been designed by a Member State measures for regional development are only complemented by EU funds. Socio-economic processes that occurred after 1989. in the case of Polish accession to the European Communities and the group behind the Oder and Neisse unification of Germany, have created a whole new level for cross-border cooperation Lubuskie Province of Brandenburg and Saxony in the use of aid funds, previously under the Interreg III A and since 2007. the so-called. Objective 3. The experience gained in cooperation with Brandenburg under the twinning project, where partners from Germany trained their Polish colleagues, and the experience gained from the implementation of the Interreg III A are a great asset for the implementation of existing cross-border programs on the Polish-German border. Cross-border cooperation is not only in financial terms but does affect the integration of border regions to such an extent that at one time you could say the two countries and one region.
PL
Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie celów i założeń strategii „Europa 2020” w kontekście ich wpływu na nową filozofię dotychczasowych funduszy strukturalnych w polityce regionalnej. Cel ów sugeruje wyodrębnienie dwóch części poświęconych odpowiednio: strategii „Europa 2020” i jej trzem wzrostom (wzrost inteligentny, zrównoważony i wzrost integracji społecznej) oraz funduszom strukturalnym w polityce regionalnej przyjętej na lata 2014–2020. „Nowa” polityka regionalna „na szczeblu ponadnarodowym oraz narodowym” uwzględnia cele i założenia strategii „Europa 2020” i jej programów, co szczególnie jest widoczne w „Agendzie Cyfrowej” czy „Unii Innowacji”. Programy te „dynamizują” dotychczasowe obszary wsparcia funduszy strukturalnych zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do Europejskiego Funduszu Rozwoju Regionalnego (EFRR) oraz Euro-pejskiego Funduszu Społecznego (EFS). W ten sposób poprzez strategię „Europa 2020” i instrumenty funduszowe następuje oddziaływanie na gospodarkę opartą na wiedzy, która stała się obiektywną koniecznością urzeczywistniającą się w dobie globalizacji.
EN
The aim of the study is to present the purposes and assumptions of the “Europe 2020” strategy in the context of its influence on the new philosophy of existing structural funds in regional policy. Such an aim suggests distinguishing two appropriately devoted areas: (1)„Europe 2020” strategy and its’ three areas of growth (intelligence, sustainability and social integration) and (2) structural funds in the regional policy for years 2014–2020. The “new” regional policy „on the supranational and national level” considers the aims and assumptions of the „Europe 2020” strategy and its’ programs which is peculiarly visible in the „Digital Europe” and „Innovation Union” programs. These programs are “dynamizing” the current areas of support by structural funds especially with reference to the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Social Fund (EFS). In this way through the „Europe 2020” strategy and fund’s instruments has an influence on the knowledge based economy which has become an objective obligation apparent in the era of globalization.
EN
The cohesion policy is among the most important European policies. Its influence is particularly strong in the new member states, which have become the major recipients of aid under this policy. Cohesion policy is very wide and extends into many areas of development, such as for example education, transport or innovation support so in some member states it strongly influences national policies in various areas. This article aims to analyse the interaction between cohesion policy and national sectoral policies on some examples from Central European countries. It turns out that cohesion policy often leads to a significant reduction in national policies and in some cases may even negate their intentions. The governments need to pay more attention to coordination of these policies and also to proper institutional environment.
EN
The aim of the article is to show the accessible structural funds in Podkarpackie for financing the innovative activity as well as to point at the barriers and the benefits in connection with making use of them. The article takes up the issue of significance of making use of the structural funds in raising the competitiveness and the innovativeness of the Podkarpackie Region. It contains the discussion on the sources of financing the innovative solutions, furthermore in detail are described the accessible in the Podkarpackie structural funds as the main source of financing the innovations in period 2007-2013, and access to them gives the companies opportunity of implementation of the innovative ventures.
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EN
The paper looks at the regional policy (also referred as co-hesion policy) of the EU. Its aim is to improve the economic well-being of regions in the EU and to remove economic and social disparities across the EU. The author discusses its origins, priorities and objectives. Particular attention is given to the evolution of regional policy and its reforms intruduced as a result of the EU enlargement. The author also discusses the objectives of new architecture of cohesion and structural funds for next multiannual financial framework.
EN
The article looks at the differences in the level of development of the EU regions and discusses the evolution and current principles of the EU cohesion policy. It concludes with setting out the present debate on the models of the future financial framework of the EU policy, which will substantially influence the new architecture of the cohesion policy.
EN
One of the challenges contemporary economies face is to ensure a sufficient supply of optimal quality water for different user needs while at the same time preserving the principles of ecosystem protection. Poland deals with a significant developmental and civil challenge in this area, mainly due to previous negligence in sewage management. When it joined the European Union, Poland assumed certain obligations in this area resulting from the implementation of the so-called Sewage Sludge Directive and the Water Framework Directive. At the same time, the EU budget designated financial resources to facilitate quicker achievement of the appropriate objectives. It is therefore revealing to track changes in the area of water and sewage management, especially those involving the share of funds from abroad and budgetary commitments of individual municipalities used to co-finance these as well as changes in the regional provision of the relevant infrastructure. Accordingly, the aim of the paper is to analyse investment expenditure in the area of water and sewage management in Poland by region with a special focus on changes in selected sources of financing, especially funds originating from abroad and from municipality budgets.
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European Structural Funds

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EN
The author discusses the legal solutions regarding the implementation of European Structural and Investment Funds in Poland. She presents the institutional framework for the implementation of the European Union’s cohesion policy. She also discusses the rules for controlling the implementation of operational programs regarding the period from 2014 till 2020.
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Managerial Economics
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2014
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vol. 15
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issue 1
97-106
EN
Numerous academic publications are currently concentrating on the role that structural funds play in financing small- and medium-sized enterprises, as well as the level of possibilities and the benefits that such enterprises may be able to gain as a result of structural funding. The high formal and substantive requirements for access to these funds, which causes that these sources are not available for all enterprises, often are skipped. The objective of this paper is to answer the question of what attributes are typical for micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises that fulfilled all requirements and received structural funds subsidies. Additionally, this article presents opinions expressed on structural fund access barriers by entrepreneurs. The research (whose results are discussed in this paper) was conducted among micro-, small-, and medium-sized enterprises of Malopolska received structural funds subsidies. This article demonstrates that access to structural funding is limited to a particular group of enterprises.
EN
The aim of the article is to review the impact of funds from the Innovative Economy Program on the Research & Development & Innovation (R&D&I) performance of Poland. The paper also looks at determinants other than public support which were crucial for achievement of these results based on a systemic definition of innovation. The analysis has shown that innovation policy in the form of grants channeled through the Innovative Economy Operational Program had a clear impact on the strengthening of the R&D activity of Poland, especially those of firms. The effects of it are also visible in the form of the increased international competitiveness of Polish high technology products. However the impact on innovativeness of enterprises as a whole in Poland is not visible. It suggests that crucial would be support for turning R&D efforts into commercial innovations and widening of the number of firms receiving support from public funds, for example in the form of cheap loans to make the competition more even. Nonetheless other determinants of innovativeness like qualified personnel for R&D, the level of industrialization of the economy, the overall situation in the domestic economy as well as transparency are needed to achieve good results in terms of R&D&I.
PL
Celem artykułu jest sprawdzenie wpływu funduszy z Programu Innowacyjna Gospodarka na rezultaty polskiej gospodarki w zakresie działalności badawczo-rozwojowej i innowacyjnej (B+R+I). Ponadto sprawdza się jakie determinanty inne niż publiczne wsparcie były kluczowe dla osiągnięcia tych rezultatów, bazując na systemowej definicji innowacji. Analiza pokazała, że polityka innowacyjna w formie grantów z Programu Operacyjnego Innowacyjna Gospodarka miała wyraźny wpływ na wzmocnienie działalność B+R Polski, szczególnie realizowanej przez przedsiębiorstwa. Jej efekty są także widoczne w formie zwiększonej międzynarodowej konkurencyjności polskich produktów wysokiej techniki. Jednak wpływ na innowacyjność wszystkich polskich przedsiębiorstw nie jest widoczny. Sugeruje to, że kluczowe byłoby wsparcie komercyjnych innowacji oraz poszerzenie liczby przedsiębiorstw otrzymujących fundusze publiczne np. w formie tanich pożyczek. Tym niemniej inne determinanty innowacyjności jak wykwalifikowany personel dla B+R, poziom uprzemysłowienia gospodarki, a także jej przejrzystość są potrzebne by osiągnąć dobre rezultaty w zakresie B+R+I.
EN
The article contains theoretical considerations connected with the influence of structural funds on the development of non-profit organisations. Theoretically, the access to these funds should ensure development of these entities. However, as practice shows it is not always the case. We observe development dynamics of this sector and constantly unused social potential. These organisations are subject to continuous pressure directed towards full use of their resources and growth in effectiveness of activities undertaken. However, the pace of their development is mainly dependent on funds allocated for their development, therefore it seems legitimate to financially support activities of non-profit organisations from, inter alia, structural funds. These resources enable to earn experience which positively affects their development. However, the success of majority of non-profit organisations is not based on the structural funds. Managing persons are very careful during a process of acquiring, implementing and accounting for EU-supported projects. They think that this process is not always successful. The article draws attention to the fact that structural funds can be a key for development of non-profit organisations, yet provided that applying for financial support will not be accidental and will constitute an organised sequence of activities.
EN
In their article, the authors discuss the findings of the audit on how the obligation to provide for sustainability of projects is fulfilled in three Polish regions: Lubuskie, Małopolskie and Śląskie. The article presents the principles related to project sustainability, set forth in Regulation (EU) No 1083/2006 of the Council, and the most important problems and irregularities in their application. A need has been observed to clarify the requirements in contracts concluded in the new financial perspective (2014−2020), related to archiving and marking documents, rooms and devices, and, in the first place, to clear defining of indicators for project impact, implementation of tasks and maintaining sustainability of effects.
EN
One of the EU’s most essential policies absorbing the majority of the EU budget is the regional policy. Its effectiveness, vision, objectives and future actions have been debated almost since the beginning. These fruitful debates have led to increased evaluation needs of EU’s regional policy. The main focus of this article is on the evaluation of the so called “Operating Programmes”, the tools of regional policy. While the article reflects the rising importance of evaluation in EU's regional policy, special attention is paid to the analysis of the evaluation of the Operating Programmes in Poland, including reflections on underlying problems and key challenges.
PL
Jedną z najistotniejszych polityk, która stanowi trzon wydatków budżetowych Wspólnoty Europejskiej, jest polityka spójności. Niemalże od początku jej istnienia toczy się szeroka dyskusja nad jej skutecznością oraz dalszą wizją rozwoju. Wzmaga to tym samym ciągłą potrzebę jej ewaluacji. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie zagadnień związanych z ewaluacją narzędzi polityki spójności, jakimi są programy operacyjne. Podstawę opracowania stanowią rozważania nad wzrostem znaczenia badań ewaluacyjnych przy realizacji polityki spójności Unii Europejskiej. Najważniejszym elementem artykułu jest analiza stanu ewaluacji programów operacyjnych w Polsce, której towarzyszy refleksja nad jej problemami i wyzwaniami.
EN
The paper describes how, within the European single market, the economies of small nation states and regions of larger states have more in common than is often recognized. The author suggests that, as a role model in the design of a special development program for the eastern Polish regions, the example of Ireland is relevant to Polish regional administrations as they attempt to achieve the best return from capturing gains from European Union and national policies as well as building on their own, rather limited, locally devolved powers. The analysis demonstrates that during the 18-year period of three EU-assisted investment programs, the Irish economic policymaking environment shifted from one appropriate to a state on the periphery of Europe to that of a region more fully integrated into an encompassing European economy. The author concludes that the challenge facing regional policymakers is to understand how national policies can have both positive and negative regionally asymmetric impacts, while acknowledging the extremely constrained scope for designing offsetting region-specific policies within the context of the nation state. It is politically difficult to design regional policies that introduce fundamental differences between regions of a nation state other than in terms of the level of income redistribution. But if the Polish regional economies are to be renewed, big innovations are precisely what are needed.
EN
The progressive process of European integration has shaped and developed the policy of the European Community. The structural policy meant the Community intervention in the economic structures of the Member States. This policy, however, did not include the Community interventions in a social structure. The concept of the regional policy appeared in the 30's of the twentieth century and it was used only at the state level. The cohesion policy for 2007–2013 has aimed at the increase of economic growth and employment in all regions and cities of the European Union. It has been implemented mainly by two structural funds, namely: the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), European Social Fund (ESF) and the Cohesion Fund (CF). In the perspective of 2007–2013 the differences between the legal bases for the operations of the European Regional Development Fund and the European Regional Development Fund and the Cohesion Fund have been blurred. In November 2013, the European Parliament adopted a budget for 2014– –2020. For the first time the multiannual financial framework for the EU will actually lower than the previous ones.
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