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EN
The article contains an analysis of the linguistic exponents of the creation of the world presented in the radio drama by Krzysztof Bizio entitled Fotoplastykon. The starting point for the research has been fixed by the theoretical assumptions concerning the uniqueness of the radio as amass medium. Aradio drama cannot be chosen for analysis before defining the uniqueness of that genre as asubject of linguistic research (and it refers especially to lexical-semantic analyses). The radio drama in question comprises acycle of five stories of the inhabitants of atenant house in Szczecin in the years 1926–1999. The author concentrates on the linguistic means that cre-ate space, time, characters and sequence of events. Because of the uniqueness of the analysed material the role of the phonic elements in the creation of the presented world has been included in the description. The research suggests that the authors of radio dramas create plastic descriptions, which have an impact on the imaginations of their listeners, using numerous added elements; such elements are supposed to compensate for the lack of the vision.
PL
Celem badań jest analiza językowych wykładników kreacji świata przedstawionego w słuchowisku Krzysztofa Bizia pt. Fotoplastykon. Punkt wyjścia do prowadzonych badań stanowią założenia teoretyczne dotyczące specyfiki radia jako środka masowego przekazu. Po określeniu specyfiki słuchowisk radiowych jako przedmiotu badań językoznawczych, w szczególności zaś analiz leksykalno-semantycznych, zostanie przeprowadzona analiza wybranego słuchowiska. Omawiane dzieło radiowe obejmuje cykl pięciu historii opowiadających o losach mieszkańców szczecińskiej kamienicy na przestrzeni lat (od 1926 do 1999 r.). Przedmiotem zainteresowania autorki są językowe środki służące określonej kreacji przestrzeni, czasu, postaci i sekwencji zdarzeń. Ze względu na specyfikę materiału badawczego w opisie uwzględniono również rolę elementów dźwiękowych w kreacji świata przedstawionego. Przeprowadzone badania dowodzą, że autorzy słuchowisk radiowych tworzą plastyczne opisy oddziałujące na wyobraźnię słuchaczy, wykorzystując liczne elementy naddane, które rekompensują brak warstwy wizualnej przekazu.
PL
Samuel Bogumił Linde’s Słownik języka polskiego comprises not only a rich set of mythology-based lexical expressions (as headwords or sub-entries in sections on derivatives), but also an account of their then-current colourful linguistic and poetic context, by which the following is meant: adjectives (mostly given in a sub-entry and exhibiting the form of compounds called compound epithets) and noun equivalents of mythological expressions (present adjacently in lexicographical notation). This context has been analyzed from various perspectives: semantic and lexical, morphological and structural, stylistic and varietal, textual and source-focused, lexicographical. Some language units included in the context, often marked by Linde with two superscript asterisks, are called peculiar here as they are provocative in form and meaning (morphological neologisms, borrowings, morphological calques and stylized semantic neologisms).
EN
The article includes functional characteristics of 30 periphrases of a word sky found in the poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. The study herein aims to determine the literary and cultural motives of described periphrases, and the scope of their originality.
EN
This article contains the analysis of language-stylistic means used by H. Sienkiewicz in creating the Ukrainian steppe. Exploring of the collected lexical material refers to: 1. synonymous names of steppe as well as lexical compounds indicating the most important aspects of this geographical area; 2. topographical and natural names concerning steppe; 3. symbolic images of steppe.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the linguistic creation of Stanisław Wokulski (the main character of Lalka (The Doll) – a novel written by Bolesław Prus) both as a shop assistant and a wealthy merchant. These two roles assigned by the author emerge mainly from Ignacy Rzecki’s diary, statements given by other characters and the narrator’s comments. As far as the linguistic layer is concerned, the creation of Wokulski as a shop assistant and a merchant who gains his fortune is achieved due to verbal and nominative forms, stylistic devices (similes, epithets) and set phrases. The diversity of techniques and linguistic devices used by Bolesław Prus in Wokulski’s creation influenced the realism of the character’s presentation.
EN
The characteristic element of present-day scientific texts is so called referen ces which indicate a connection with another text (extratextual references; intertextual dialogicality) or help a recipient to move through a currently read text (intratextual references; communication dialogicality). The authors of present-day scientific texts are using the concepts of reference construction and their employment methods elaborated in previous centuries. It was not until the Middle Polish period when the rules of reference formation were being defined. In the paper have been traced the methods of edition of extra- and intratextual references being found in the Informacyja matematyczna (Mathematical information) by Wojciech Bystrzonowski of 1749. It has been showed how references are functioning in the Bystrzonowski’s text, where they are situated, what elements are composing a reference, how much a proposed record is consistent and stable, and which of the description elements have been modified throughout the ages.
EN
The purpose of this article is to analyse the semantic connotations of silver in the poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. The research material includes 14 lexemes and their 108 occurrences in the text. In most cases, silver is used as a semantic determinant of the night; then, of the colour white, and occasionally, the colour grey. It holds numerous connotations deriving from references to metal (sparkle), moon and stars (death and night) and the colour white (innocence, holiness, virginity, and old age). In Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's poetry, silver represents the colour and shine of inanimate nature (it is stereotypically used to describe the Moon, stars and water, etc.); animate nature (flora and fauna); and extraterrestrial beings. Silver is also used to convey positive or negative connotations of the words it refers to.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie językowej kreacji ojca w powieści z tzw. nurtu chłopskiego – Nagi sad, autorstwa Wiesława Myśliwskiego. Analizie poddano sposoby: prezentacji ojca w utworze, przedstawienia jego wyglądu, mentalności, charakterystycznych zachowań, a także opisu interakcji z innymi bohaterami (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem relacji ojciec–syn). Omówiono również role stylizacji na język potoczny i stylizacji gwarowej w językowej kreacji ojca. Na drodze analizy środków językowych i stylistycznych ukazano podstawowe zasady rządzące kreacją postaci ojca w omawianym utworze, np. dominującą rolę obrazowania kontrastowego.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the linguistic creation of the father in the novel in the so-called peasant manner – A Naked orchard, by Wiesław Myśliwski. An analysis has been made of: the presentation of the father in the novel, the presentation of his appearance, mentality, characteristic behaviors and the ways of describing his interaction with other characters (with particular emphasis on the father-son relationship). Also discussed are the roles of colloquial stylization and dialectal stylization in the father’s language. By analyzing linguistic and stylistic means, the basic mechanisms governing the creation of the father figure in the piece in question have been described; for example the dominant role of contrast imaging.
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EN
The linguistic exponents of the colour white in Julian Tuwim’s poetry are both primary and secondary names of the colour white. For the sake of creating poetic images of the nature, human appearance, his physiology and emotions Tuwim used conventional connotations of the colour white.
EN
The purpose of this article is to study (based on the feature articles by Agata Passent) the ways of showing “myself” in a feature article in the context of creative character of communication efforts by journalists. The material has been excerpted from feature articles by Agata Passent published in “City Magazine” between 1998-2002 which appeared in a book titled “Miastówka”. In my dissertation about language structure of feature “myself” I decided to use two terms: language autocreation and language autopresentation which, in my opinion, influence the modal frame of a feature article, regarded as some “myself” talking to some “yourself” in some purpose. Those terms allowed to build an illustration of feature subject in form of certain image of “myself” as well as to point out on formal level the means of expressing of feature “myself”.
EN
The moon is one of the basic motives in the output of K.I. Gałczyński and a designation animated by him the most frequently – in the poet’s lyrics appeared 97 animisations of the moon. Using them the moon is created as a human being: it has a human appearance, it behaviours like a man, it has a human psyche and human interests, it plays various social roles. The type of animation used the most frequently is the anthropomorphisation and the considerably rarer are anthropopateis, animisations and animalisations. The density degree of the moon animisations in the poems is low (41,9), same as the degree of their frequency (45,3). The majority of samples of the stylistic figure plays the poetic function or dynamism to the lyric picture, the other are used for the expressive and humoristic purpose.
EN
The author discusses the methods of medical treatment presented in a humorous way by Wacław Potocki, a 17th century poet. Misunderstandings between a doctor and a patient have a comical effect and result from the violation of four conversational principles, i.e. the maxim of quantity, quality, relation and manner. The article lists names of numerous illnesses and medicines popular in the 17th century.
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Formuły końcowe w listach Adama Mickiewicza

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DE
Die Abschlussformen im Schriftverkehr von Adam Mickiewicz wurden in drei Teile aufgegliedert: – Briefe an Freunde und nähere Bekannte, – offizieller Schriftverkehr mit Beamten und Würdenträgern, – Briefe an Frauen. Die Briefabschlussformen wurden den einzelnen Empfängern angepasst: – In der privaten Korrespondenz treten Gleichheit der Gesprächspartner, Relation der Vertrautheit und freundschaftliche Beziehungen auf. – Im offiziellen Schriftverkehr lassen sich asymmetrische Relationen und Distanz zwischen dem Absender und dem Empfänger ablesen. Des Weiteren zeichnen sich Würdigungsinhalte und die Abhängigkeitshaltung ab. – In Kontakten mit Frauen werden Ausdrücke der Wertschätzung sichtbar.
DE
In der Darstellung der sprachlichen Gestaltung vom Geschick der Dorfkinder verwendete die Schriftstellerin die Methode der Bilderkontrastierung. Soviel aber das Aussehen der Kinder eine Aufwertung erfährt und auch die Symbiose mit der Natur einen positiven Wert darstellt, werden das Schicksal selbst, die Lebensumstände sowie der Mangel an Fürsorge in grauen, auf die Armut hinweisenden Farben präsentiert. Die Beschreibungen der bei Eliza Orzeszkowa dargestellten Welt können als kreativ bezeich- net werden, sie bestehen nicht für sich selbst, sondern bilden funktionell die Ganzheit des Textes, sind der Hauptidee des Textes unterordnet. Auf Missgeschick, Einsamkeit sowie mangelnde Bedingungen zur normalen Entwicklung der Kinder hindeutend, versuchte Orzeszkowa ihren Zeitgenossen ins Gewissen zu reden. Sie appellierte an höhere Gesellschaftsschichten, den Kleinsten ein würdiges Leben zu sichern, und realisierte somit eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der positivistischen Literatur.
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Barwa złota w utworach lirycznych Juliana Tuwima

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EN
In the poems of Julian Tuwim that were taken into consideration during the research 27 words from the semantic field of the word 'gold' occurred in 110 of text implementations. Gold was used in order to create diversified elements of the world, such as nature, human, appliances, food or even abstract ideas. The poet made use of well-known culturally connotations of the colour gold and used it in harmony with current trend. In Tuwim's poetry gold is very often associated with ennoblement, very rarely with irony. Colour gold intensified also the poetry of images while it was the component of a great amount of stylistic devices like metaphors, personifications, periphrasis or comparisons.
EN
The article includes characteristics of 63 periphrases of astronomical and meteorological names selected from poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. This elaboration attempts to establish poet’s literatural and cultural motivations behind these periphrases as well as degree of originality. Additionally, it indicates functionality of these periphrases.
EN
The article discusses the selected elements of the style presented in Letters from Africa by Henryk Sienkiewicz. The analysis of the lexical-phraseological and the syntactic layers of the text demonstrates that in Letters from Africa the artistic language is consciously created and functional. Its characteristic, stylistic feature is the extensive use of colloquial language, fixed, idiomatic phrases, proverbs and proverbial expressions. Therefore, such use of lexicon and phraseology refers to the traditional trends of the Polish language, the vivid language of everyday communication. What strikes the readers is the quantitative as well as the qualitative abundance of this type of marked units of language. This verbal layer, inextricably linked with the everyday language of the Polish people, is subject to the artistic syntactic rules characteristic of the rhetorical style. The skillful combination of two stylistic features is a testimony to the high value of the text: on the one hand, simplicity and moderation in the lexical-phraseological layer; on the other hand, abundance and poetic elegance which are present mainly in the syntactic layer. Thus, Letters from Africa reflect the language of common, everyday communication in an uncommon study.
PL
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PL
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie zmian w formie nagłówków w czasie ostatniego półwiecza. Materiał badawczy pochodzi z „Gazety Wyborczej” wydawanej w latach 1996–1997, a następnie w latach 2015–2016. Punktem odniesienia (porównania) są wyniki badań nad prasą lat sześćdziesiątych. Autorka koncentruje się szczególnie na wartości informacyjnej nagłówków i ich postaci składniowej. Analizuje nagłówki ze względu na rodzaj przekazywanej informacji w trzech przedziałach czasowych. Pod uwagę bierze: precyzowanie treści utworu (streszczanie najważniejszej wiadomości lub tezy utworu, określanie tematu utworu), uwydatnianie głównej okoliczności, wskazywanie odbiorcy. Badania wykazały, że w nagłówkach ostatnich dwudziestu lat powstały nowe schematy składniowe, np. schemat nagłówka w postaci replik dialogowych, a istniejące schematy zostały rozbudowane. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza grupy informacyjnej „wskazanie odbiorcy”. Stosowane w nagłówkach kategorie gramatyczne służą zaktywizowaniu odbiorcy, co zwiększa interakcyjność przekazu. Cytaty wprowadzają różnorodność głosów i perspektyw, co kreuje nowe sytuacje komunikacyjne. Zmiany w językowej formie nagłówków mają charakter jakościowy i ilościowy. Są przejawem zmian w sferze publicznej i dyskursie medialnym.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the changes in the form of headlines over the past 50 years. The research material has been obtained from Gazeta Wyborcza (in 1996–1997 and 2015–2016). It is compared to the research on press conducted in the 1960s. The author of the article concentrates especially on the informational value and the syntactic structure of the press headlines. She analyzes the headlines with regard to the information included, in the three time intervals. She takes it into consideration how the headlines specify the content of the article (whether they summarize the most important information or thesis or define its topic), how they highlight the main circumstance, how they designate the addressee of the text. The research has shown that among the headlines used during the past 20 years, there emerged new syntactic schemes, e.g. that of the dialogical response, and that the existing schemes have been expanded. This concerns especially the headlines which designate the addressee of the text. The grammatical categories used in the headlines serve mainly to activate the readers, which leads to a greater attractiveness of the text. Quotations introduce the variety of voices and perspectives, which creates new communicative situations. The changes in the linguistic form of the headlines are both qualitative and quantitative, and are an indicator of the changes in the public sphere and in the media discourse.
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Pole czerwieni w wierszach Juliana Tuwima

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EN
The linguistic exponents of the colour red in Julian Tuwim’s poetry are both primary and secondary names of the colour red, with the latter dominated by expressions referring to the prototypes of fire and blood. For the sake of creating poetic images of human appearance, his physiology and emotions Tuwim used conventional connotations of the colour red. However, what draws attention is the poet’s proneness to the description of morbidity and ugliness. Additionally, the colour red and its synonymous names were used for the linguistic creation of political events and the description of nature. What is interesting is the phenomenon of frequent occurrence of the colour discussed in the autothematic poems, in which the colour reflects unusual fervency of the poetic afflatus and the toil of creative work.
EN
The author of the paper discusses lexis imitating the play of light and shadow, various concentrations of brightness and darkness as well as mutual interpenetration of these two spheres. The analysis focused on semantic and contextual conditioning of words directly nominating light values (błyszczeć ‘to shine’, jaśnieć ‘to shine’, świecić ‘to glow, to shine’), words indicating not only objects, whose immanent trait is emitting light (jasne słońce lit. bright sun, świecący księżyc lit. shining moon, roziskrzone gwiazdy lit. sparkling stars), but also denotata, which situationally shine with refl ected light or light contrasted with a chromatic or achromatic colour (roziskrzone oczy lit. sparkling eyes, błyszczące łzy lit. shining tears, świecąca łysina lit. shiny bald patch, biała sierść błyskająca na tle zieleni lit. white hair flashing against a background of greenery).
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