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Instrumental Reason and Science — Max Horkheimer’s View

100%
Czarnocka M.
Dialogue and Universalism
|
2022
|
issue 2
175-196
EN
The paper analyses today partly forgotten Max Horkheimer’s conception of instrumental reason which presents this reason differently from the definition widespread today (claiming that it consists in adopting suitable means to set ends). Horkheimer relates instrumental reason to subjective one, seeing the former as a degenerate form of the latter. His theory is far more philosophical than the dominating today conceptions which do not consider the problem of instrumental reason philosophical any longer and instead move it step by step to the domain of a nonphilosophical decision theory. The paper analyses in particular Horkheimer’s beliefs claiming that 1) it is science which founds instrumental reason, and therefore 2) it is science which is the main source of oppressiveness and degradation of the contemporary civilization. It is shown among other things that Horkheimer misunderstands some properties of science and its operations and this leads to his incorrect presentation of the role of instrumental reason.
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Fantastyka naukowa jako bajka? Rozważania nad Bajkami robotów Stanisława Lema

63%
Gall A.
Tematy i Konteksty
|
2022
|
vol. 17
|
issue 12
146-159
EN
This paper deals with Lem’s Fables for Robots and sheds some light on the genological interplay between science fiction and fairy tale. Its aim is to show to what extent a key feature of fairy tales like magic is transformed within the framework of science fiction. Lem depicts peculiarities of technological civilisation (Gotthard Günther). By referring to the fairy tale Lem draws the attention to the non-technological background in this civilisation, namely the desires and aspirations on which technologies as well as social order are based on. In this interconnection of desire and technology lies the core of Lem’s literary synthesis of fairy tale and science fiction. This synthesis is contextualised on the basis of Lem’s own theoretical works, related discussions of magic in technology (Norbert Wiener, Arthur C. Clarke), and Max Horkheimer’s critical reassessment of modern rationality.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o Bajkach robotów i rzuca światło na wzajemne oddziaływanie fantastyki naukowej i bajki, jednocześnie zamierza pokazać, do jakiego stopnia cecha tak charakterystyczna dla bajki jak magia została przerobiona w ramach fantastyki naukowej. Lem przedstawia osobliwości cywilizacji technologicznej (Gotthard Günther). Nawiązując to bajki Lem zwraca uwagę na nietechnologiczne tło tejże cywilizacji, a mianowicie pragnienia oraz intencje, które leżą u podstaw zarówno technologii jak i porządku społecznemu. W połączeniu pragnienia i technologii tkwi sęk w lemowskiej literackiej syntezy bajki z fantastyką naukową. Synteza ta jest skontekstualizowana na podstawie utworów teoretycznych Lema, związanych z nimi dyskusji dotyczących magii w technologii (Norbert Wiener, Arthur C. Clarke) oraz krytyki racjonalności nowoczesnej przez Maxa Horkheimera.
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