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Nurt SVD
|
2017
|
issue 1
79-95
PL
Artykuł prezentuje panoramę najważniejszych i najbardziej reprezentatywnych miejsc świętych i pielgrzymkowych muzułmańskiego świata ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ruchu pielgrzymkowego w dwóch krajach Azji Centralnej (Kazachstan i Uzbekistan). W pierwszym rzędzie omówiony został rytuał obowiązkowej pielgrzymki (hadżdż) do najświętszych miejsc islamu w Mekce oraz odwiedziny (zijara) grobu Proroka w Medynie i świętego miasta Jerozolimy. W klasycznym islamie sunnickim związanym z nurtem sufickim oraz w islamie szyickim istnieje bardzo dużo miejsc sakralnych odwiedzanych przez pielgrzymujących muzułmanów i związanych z postaciami świętych lub zasłużonych dla religii muzułmańskiej. Muzułmańscy święci uważani są w sufizmie za „przyjaciół Boga” (wali Allah), podobnie jak w szyizmie – Imam Ali i pozostali Imamowie szyiccy. Na grobach wielu znanych muzułmańskich świętych zostały wybudowane wspaniałe mauzolea i sanktuaria. Do najbardziej znanych mauzoleów w islamie sunnickim związanym z sufizmem należą: mauzoleum Rumiego w Konji, Ibn al-Arabiego w Damaszku, Kadira al-Dżilaniego w Bagdadzie, Hazrata Nizamuddina Auliya w Delhi, Ahmadu Bamby w Toubie (Senegal), Ahmada Jasawiego Chodżdży w Turkiestanie (Kazachstan), Baha-ad-Dina Nakszbanda nieopodal Buchary (Uzbekistan), w islamie szyickim natomiast – sanktuarium Imama Alego w Nadżafie, Imama Husajna w Karbali (Irak) czy Imama Rezy w Meszhedzie (Iran). Autor artykułu podkreśla rozwój muzułmańskiego ruchu pielgrzymkowego do grobów świętych mimo związanych z nurtem salaficko-wahhabickim tendencji reformatorskich negujących wyżej omówione zjawisko pielgrzymowania.
EN
The author of the article presents some of the most important Muslim holy sites and pilgrimage centres, with a focus on Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in Central Asia. He starts with the description of the obligatory pilgrimage (hajj) to the most sacred sites of Islam in Mecca, visit to the grave (zijara) of the Prophet in Medina and the holy city of Jerusalem. Many Muslims pilgrim to numerous holy places of the classical Sunni Islam and related Sufism, as well as Shiism, to venerate their saints or remarkable historic figures. Both Sufists and Shias call their saints “friends of God” (wali Allah), like Imam Ali and other imams. Their graves are marked with magnificent mausoleums and shrines. The most famous Sunni and Sufist mausolea are the Shrine of Rumi in Konya, the Tomb of Ibn al-Arabi in Damascus, the Shrine of Qadir al-Jilani in Baghdad, the Mausoleum of Hazrad Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi, the Tomb of Ahmadou Bamba in Touba (Senegal), the Mausoleum of Ahmed Yasawi Khoja in Turkestan (Kazakhstan) and the Mausoleum of Baha-ud-Din Naqshband near Bukhara (Uzbekistan). For the Shia Muslims there are the Imam Ali Holy Shrine in Najaf, the Shrine of Imam Husayn in Karbala (Iraq) and the Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad (Iran). The author points to the growing popularity of travelling to the graves of the Muslim saints despite its criticism by the reformers from the Salafi and Wahhabi quarters.
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Studia Religiologica
|
2012
|
vol. 45
|
issue 2
147–163
EN
Philosophical discourse in Islam revolves around God, and God’s manifestation in the world. This article attempts to describe the philosophical concept, and especially the Sufi concept, of God. For Muslim philosophers the question “how does unity give rise to multiplicity?” had a crucial meaning. In Islam God is One, and everything else is two or more. The Oneness of being remains inaccessible to people. However, Sufis tried to give an answer to the question “What is Reality? What is the ‘face of God’, and what does this notion really mean?” And also “what veils separate Him from His creation?” Sufis tried to find the answer to all these questions not in the calm of a library but in deep religious experience. Because God in His mercy revealed the Laws in order that people would be able to make choices which lead directly to their felicity in the next stage of their experience. This was a difficult and dangerous process, and it required from neophytes a love of God. In their searches, the Sufis try to answer the question of what one sees when one throws off the inhibiting shackles of the mind and senses, what does one feel when one crosses the border of the phenomenal world? What kind of world does one observe when one wakes up from a dream which is life? What does one see in the state of illumination?
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