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EN
Suicide is still one of the most stigmatized types of death, arousing controversy. There exists its special type: assisted suicide in which a one kills themselves with the help of another person. It is very interesting to compare the psychological consequences of these two forms of death for the suicide survivors – that is, the relatives of the ones who took their own lives. While there are many similarities between suicide and assisted suicide, certain "technical differences" between them can significantly affect the later functioning of the survivors. In the case of "ordinary" suicide, we distinguish factors that make it difficult to survive bereavement, while assisted suicide may sometimes also have a facilitating effect on this process. The literature review shows that suicide survivors experience a higher sense of guilt (exacerbated by sometimes felt relief), anger, abandonment and responsibility, and lower support and acceptance than the relatives of other deceased. Interestingly, they do not necessarily suffer from mental disorders more often, but they are more stigmatized and feel the need to hide the circumstances of their loved ones’ death. People left after the assisted suicide also sometimes experience emotions such as relief and a sense of abandonment, they tend to distance themselves from others and hide the truth about the death of their loved ones (in this case also because of the fear of legal consequences). The most significant differences, important for the later experience of bereavement, are the possibility of saying goodbye, as well as the belief that they provided their loved ones the "good death". These factors make it much easier to mourn, reduce the traumatic experience of grief. However, there are other factors potentially complicating bereavement – research shows that assisting in suicide correlates with certain mental disorders. This may be, for example, because of ethical doubts that this practice raises, conflict with the value system, potential remorse, alienation from the community after condemning such an act, fear of legal consequences and doubts if assisting in a suicide was a right decision.
EN
The purpose of the article was to indicate the specifics of experiencing suicidal death of a loved one. The text deals with the problem of the taboo of the phenomenon of suicide and social stigmatization of suicides and their families. A meta-analysis of research reports devoted to understanding this issue was supported by the cited testimonies of people experiencing mourning after the suicide of a loved one. Differences in the experience of mourning after suicide and after death due to natural causes were considered. The subject of reflection are especially those aspects of the experience of close suicides that do not correspond to the socially approved patterns of experiencing mourning (including the lack of social approval for expressing emotions of anger and the experience of relief in the context of a loved one’s death). Based on the analysis of the presented materials, potential threats were identified that may affect this group of mourners. To this end, research on the risk analysis of mental disorders among suicide survivors was discussed. In the context of the observations made in the article, the effectiveness of the therapy Complicated Grief Treatment dedicated to working with this group of clients was considered.
PL
Celem artykułu było wskazanie specyfiki przeżywania samobójczej śmierci bliskiego w rzeczywistości społecznej, która jest nieprzychylna doświadczaniu tej utraty. W tekście poruszono problem tabuizacji zjawiska samobójstwa oraz stygmatyzacji społecznej samobójców i ich rodzin. Przegląd doniesień z badań poświęconych poznaniu tego zagadnienia wsparto przytoczonymi świadectwami osób przeżywających żałobę po samobójczej śmierci bliskiego. Rozważono różnice przeżywania żałoby po śmierci samobójczej i po śmierci z przyczyn naturalnych. Przedmiotem refleksji są zwłaszcza te aspekty doświadczenia bliskich samobójców, które nie odpowiadają społecznie aprobowanym wzorcom doświadczania żałoby (m.in. brak aprobaty społecznej dla wyrażania emocji gniewu i doświadczenia ulgi w kontekście przeżywania śmierci bliskiego). Na podstawie analizy przedstawionych materiałów wskazano potencjalne zagrożenia, które mogą dotykać tej grupy żałobników. W tym celu omówiono badania poświęcone analizie ryzyka wystąpienia zaburzeń psychicznych pośród bliskich samobójców. W kontekście poczynionych w artykule obserwacji rozważono efektywność terapii Complicated Grief Treatment dedykowanej pracy z tą grupą klientów.
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