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Reinvigorating engineered noise controls: a systems approach

100%
Slagley J., Dudarewicz A., Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska M., Slagley F.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2023
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vol. 36
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issue 5
672-684
EN
Objectives Hearing loss is a major worldwide health issue affecting an estimated 1.5 billion people. Causes of hearing loss include genetics, chemicals, medications, lifestyle habits such as smoking, and noise. Noise is probably the largest contributing factor for hearing loss. Noise arises from the workplace, ambient environment, and leisure activities. The easiest noise sources to control are workplace and environmental. Workplace noise is unique in that the employer is responsible for the noise and the worker. Also, workers may be exposed to much higher levels of noise than they would accept elsewhere. Employers follow the traditional hierarchy of controls (substitution/engineering, administrative, personal protective equipment [PPE]). Substituting or engineering a lower noise level actually reduces the hazard present to the worker but demand more capital investment. Administrative and PPE controls can be effective, but enforcement and motivation are essential to reducing risk and there is still some hearing loss for a portion of the workers. The challenge is to estimate the costs more clearly for managers. A systems engineering approach can help visualize factors affecting hearing health. Material and Methods In this study, a systems engineering causal loop diagram (CLD) was developed to aid in understanding factors and their interrelationships. The CLD was then modeled in VenSim. The model was informed from the authors’ expertise in hearing health and exposure science. Also, a case study was used to test the model. The model can be used to inform decision-makers of holistic costs for noise control options, with potentially better hearing health outcomes for workers. Results The CLD and cost model demonstrated a 4.3 year payback period for the engineered noise control in the case study. Conclusions Systems thinking using a CLD and cost model for occupational hearing health controls can aid organizational managers in applying resources to control risk.
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Possibilities of using cluster solutions in the policy of revitalisation of degraded municipal infrastructure in Ukraine

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Gumieniczek A.
Central European Review of Economics & Finance
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2023
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vol. 42
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issue 1
21-38
EN
This paper discusses the issues concerning the policy of revitalisation as the basis for planning and carrying out the social and economic reconstruction of Ukraine. It is crucial to consider the scale of destruction and degradation of urban tissue, as well as the migration which occurred in the wake of the military operations. As a result, it is necessary to devise a specific programme of revitalisation which would use innovative organisational and guarantee instruments on a macro-, meso-, and microeconomic levels. The paper considers the factors which determine the aims of the municipal revitalisation policies, as well as their models, which include an analysis of degradation of urban areas as a step in the development of cities. The paper includes an examination of demographic factors, as well as those, which are associated with depopulation. In addition, the importance of urban infrastructure was highlighted in the process of revitalisation. Furthermore, the paper covers the analysis of literature regarding experiences in terms of using revitalisation clusters in degraded areas. The development of chosen clusters in cities in Western Europe was examined, having identified and evaluated basic conditioning factors of their use in revitalisation processes. Moreover, the importance of clusters was discussed, together with their possible use by establishing ‘Key National Cluster’ and, within its confines, ‘Regional Key Clusters’ in chosen oblasts in Ukraine according to their division into international areas of reconstruction. The scale of destruction and degradation of given areas of Ukraine was evaluated in terms of particular elements of revitalisation, together with the costs associated with reconstruction. This analysis covers the losses Ukraine experienced between July and December 2022.
3
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Where Disciplines Meet

67%
Koźmiński A. K.
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem
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2020
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vol. 12
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issue 2
9-19
PL
Pod koniec pierwszego ćwierćwiecza XXI w. rzucają się w oczy narastające dysfunkcje i patologie wielkich systemów oraz ich elementów, a zarazem, za pośrednictwem wszechobecnych związków i zależności wzajemnych, całych mgławic mniejszych podmiotów łącznie z rodzinami i mini firmami. Autor stawia pytanie, czy nie należałoby powrócić do niektórych założeń, instrumentów i metod podejścia systemowego z lat 50., 60. i 70. XX w., które według zamierzeń jego twórców miało umożliwiać uzdrawianie wielkich systemów. Czy osiągnięcia badawcze ostatnich dziesięcioleci pozwalają wypełnić te luki poznawcze, które zdecydowały o niepowodzeniach podejścia systemowego w ubiegłym wieku? Owe luki to przede wszystkim społeczne mechanizmy funkcjonowania zorganizowanych systemów. Nie ma najmniejszych wątpliwości, że dokonał się w tym obszarze ogromny postęp głownie dzięki badaniom interdyscyplinarnym i prowadzonym w ramach wyłonionych w ostatnich latach dyscyplin „hybrydowych”, takich jak socjologia i psychologia ekonomiczna, organizacji i zarządzania czy ekonomia behawioralna lub finanse behawioralne, nowoczesna ekonomia polityczna, ale także hybrydowe nauki prawne, takie jak ekonomia, socjologia i polityka prawa, nauki polityczne i analizy strategiczne. Zdaniem Autora potrzebna jest próba swoistej reaktywacji podejścia systemowego w zastosowaniu do diagnostyki i uzdrawiania, czyli przeprojektowywania systemów organizacyjnych, a właściwie dynamicznych powiązań w sieci. Konieczna jest modyfikacja klasycznej procedury analizy systemowej i dostosowanie jej do specyfiki zmiennych układów powiązań sieciowych w XXI wieku.
EN
As we are nearing the end of the first 25 years of the 21st century. What is increasingly noticeable is the growing dysfunction and pathology of big systems and of their elements, including – given the omnipresent interrelations and interdependencies – entire masses of smaller entities, together with micro- and family businesses. The author asks a question of whether it could be reasonable to consider returning to some of the assumptions, instruments, and methods adopted within the framework of the systems approach from the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, which was originally conceived and created to treat big systems. Do the achievements made in the field of research in recent decades make it possible to bridge the cognitive gaps that determined the failure of the systems approach in the past century? These gaps are mainly the social mechanisms of functioning of organised systems. There is absolutely no doubt that we have seen huge progress in this domain, mostly thanks to interdisciplinary research and research conducted in recently-emergent “hybrid” disciplines like economic or organisational sociology and psychology, sociology and psychology of management, behavioural economics, behavioural finance, contemporary political economics, but also hybrid legal sciences such as: economics, sociology, and politics of law, political sciences and strategic analyses. The author argues that we need an attempt of a certain reactivation of the systems approach in the context of diagnostics and treatment, meaning a redesign of entire organisational systems– or dynamic connections in a networked structure, actually. It is necessary to modify the classical procedure of systems analysis and adapt it to the specific nature of the changeable networked structures of the 21st century.
4
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Metoda wspomagania strategii marketingowej operatora telefonii komórkowej

67%
Kulczycki P., Daniel K.
Przegląd Statystyczny
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2009
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vol. 56
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issue 2
116-134
EN
The subject of the research presented in this paper is the task of decision support concerning strategy of behavior towards a corporate client – a mobile phone network subscriber. Investigations were carried out on a real database made available by one of the Polish GSM network operators. This strategy was defined with the statistical kernel estimators methodology, applied to the problem of discovering atypical elements (outliers), clustering and classification. In turn, elements of fuzzy logic were used to assess different possible combinations of discounts to offer, while the theory of fuzzy preferences was applied in selecting the most advantageous – in the sense of maximizing expectedprofit – variant of behavior for the operator.
PL
Przedmiotem prezentowanych badań jest zadanie wspomagania decyzji w zakresie wyznaczania strategii postępowania wobec klienta korporacyjnego – abonenta sieci telefonii komórkowej. Badania przeprowadzono na rzeczywistej bazie danych, uzyskanej od jednego z polskich operatorów sieci GSM. Wzmiankowana strategia została określona z zastosowaniem metodyki statystycznych estymatorów jądrowych, wykorzystywanej tu do zagadnień wykrywania elementów nietypowych (odosobnionych), analizy skupień (klasteryzacji) i klasyfikacji. Z kolei elementów logiki rozmytej użyto do oceny możliwych do zaproponowania kombinacji zniżek, natomiast teoria preferencji rozmytych została zastosowana przy wyznaczaniu wariantu postępowania jak najkorzystniejszego dla operatora w sensie maksymalizacji spodziewanego zysku.
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