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EN
The statute of 23 July 2003 about the protection of, and care for historical monuments essentially modified a number of heretofore legal institutions, thus affecting the legal position held by the owners of historical objects. The prime jurisdictional elements which exert greatest impact on the legal status of the owner include conservation directives and supervision, penal regulations, and the obligation to obtain numerous permissions. A prime feature which to a considerable measure shapes the legal situation of the owners of historical monuments is the asymmetry of legal relations, expressed predominantly in the fact that the state, represented by the conservation services, can intervene into the owners’ legal status. A distinct rise in the control privileges of the conservation offices justifies the thesis that such services are gradually evolving towards becoming a historical monuments police force. The expanded control system is not accompanied by regulations that balance numerous burdens associated with the possession of a historical monument. Attention is due to the construction of real estate tax exemption, a reduction of fees associated with the purchase of registered real estate and, finally, the possibility of obtaining a donation.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 329
133 - 143
PL
Celem artykułu jest zaproponowanie definicji pojęcia indywidualnego aktu administracji gospodarczej, rozumianego jako instrument służący ustalaniu sytuacji prawnej przedsiębiorcy. Przy okazji dowiedziono, że cechą odróżniającą indywidualne akty administracji gospodarczej od innych aktów władzy publicznej jest to, iż omawiane rozstrzygnięcia zapadają w wyniku przeprowadzenia procesu wyważania pomiędzy wolnością gospodarczą a innymi wartościami, które są chronione na poziomie regulacji ustrojowych. Przeprowadzone analizy mają służyć realizacji wyzwania polegającego na zbudowaniu jednolitej siatki pojęciowej, mającej na celu potwierdzenie odrębności publicznego prawa gospodarczego jako samodzielnej gałęzi prawa.
EN
The purpose of the article is to propose a definition of the concept of an individual act of economic administration understood as an instrument for determining the legal situation of an entrepreneur. By the way, it was found that the feature that distinguishes individual acts of economic administration from other acts of public authority is that the discussed decisions are made as a result of balancing between economic freedom and other values that are protected at the level of systemic regulations. The analyzes carried out are intended to fulfill the challenge of building a unified conceptual grid, which is to confirm the separateness of public commercial law as an independent branch of law.
EN
The following article provides an overview of the legal situation of the Jewish population in Upper Silesia, Saarland and the Free City of Danzig. All three areas were under the influence of the League of Nations in the interwar period. Firstly, it outlines how the protection of minorities, as enshrined in the Treaty of Versailles, among others, affected the respective territories in the interwar period in the 1930s. Secondly, it is shown how the Jews attempted to resist anti-Jewish legal measures within this legal framework of minority protection. It is shown that the legal instrument of petitioning the League of Nations was frequently used, but had little impact on the progressive disenfranchisement of the Jews in the 1930s.
PL
Poniższy artykuł stanowi zestawienie sytuacji prawnej ludności żydowskiej na Górnym Śląsku, w Saarze i Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku. Wszystkie trzy obszary w okresie międzywojennym znajdowały się pod wpływem Ligi Narodów. Po pierwsze, nakreślono, w jaki sposób ochrona mniejszości, zapisana m.in. w traktacie wersalskim, wpłynęła na odpowiednie terytoria w okresie międzywojennym w latach 30. XX wieku. Po drugie, pokazano, w jaki sposób Żydzi próbowali oprzeć się antyżydowskim środkom prawnym w tych ramach prawnych ochrony mniejszości. Wykazano, że instrument prawny w postaci składania petycji do Ligi Narodów był często wykorzystywany, ale miał niewielki wpływ na postępujące pozbawienie Żydów praw obywatelskich w latach 30. XX wieku.
PL
Judicial capacity consists in the transposing of substantive law subjectivity to proceedings under civil law in a form allowing valid proceedings closing with a judgment, said proceedings involving the participation of a specific entity. A party without capacity for the status of specific subjective rights or legal relationship cannot expect to participate in a valid trial closing with a judgment. Three categories of entities with general legal capacity – private individuals (natural persons), legal persons, and organisational units as stipulated by provisions of Article 64 §11 of the Civil Proceedings Code – have been equipped with judicial capacity, as they can be party to legal relations constituting the subject of action. The participation of such entities in proceedings under civil law – while potentially concerning any case – shall only apply to cases under civil law wherein entities as duly indicated act to protect their legal circumstances associated with events potentially occurring prior to the commencement of judicial proceedings. They should only appear as parties in civil cases involving their activities on their own behalf and to their own benefit.
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