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PL
Biogram Brunona Zająca (1887-1954), socjalisty, nauczyciela szkół ludowych (w Stryszowie i Tomicach), działacza Związku Strzeleckiego, po I wojnie światowej kierownika szkoły w Częstochowie (Raków), gdzie w czasie okupacji prowadził tajne nauczanie.
EN
I am attempting to discuss the title issue on the basis of memoirs literature mainly from the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. That is why my scientific deliberations refer basically to this period. In this article I first show the peasants’ attitude towards elementary education and establishing schools in their villages. It should be noted that it was different depending on the village. I also emphasized that the impact of elementary schools on the level of education of rural communities was rather low. The second element of the article was the evaluation of the social position of rural teachers. Also in this respect one should conclude that it was not great. It depended on a specific peasant community and the personal qualities of the teacher.
PL
Tytułowy problem staram się omówić, odwołując się do literatury pamiętnikarskiej pochodzącej głównie z drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX w. Dlatego moje rozważania naukowe odnoszą się zasadniczo do tego okresu. W artykule najpierw ukazuję stosunek chłopów do oświaty elementarnej i tworzenia w ich wsiach szkół. Trzeba zaznaczyć, że w poszczególnych miejscowościach istniały w tym względzie znaczne różnice. Podkreśliłem przy tym, że stopień oddziaływania szkół elementarnych na poziom edukacji ludności wiejskiej nie był zbyt duży. Drugim wątkiem artykułu jest ocena pozycji społecznej nauczycieli wiejskich. Także w tym przypadku należy uznać, że nie była ona jednolita. Zależała od konkretnej społeczności chłopskiej oraz osoby nauczyciela.
EN
The article discusses the evolution of the education system on Slovak territories from the Habsburg Empire in the Age of Enlightenment, through Austria-Hungary and the First Slovak Republic, to the post-war period of Stalinism. The author underlines the importance to isolate Slovak territories from the historical narration that treats them merely as part of the history of other states. The focus is given to the absorption of many diverse education systems on the Slovak territories, their reception and further changes under partial independence of the First Slovak Republic and thereafter. Educational institutions and their reforms are also presented. The study examines the influence the Catholic Church had on the education system of the First Slovak Republic, the ideologization of education in accordance with the Catholic doctrine and the combination of the public and religious spheres in education that used to be separated. A detailed analysis is given on how the dependence on the Church transformed after a great reform of the system that was undertaken by communists in the post-war period. The model presented in the article shows the long way from religion-based to completely secularized education. It was found that the great influence the Catholic Church had on the Slovak education system was followed by severe consequences in the form of persecutions of the Church during the Stalinist period.
EN
In 1774, state authorities in Austria and its crownland Galicia introduced compulsory elementary education for children. The aim of the article is to show the conditions and the degree of fulfillment of educational obligations by the plebeians living in Galicia. For this purpose, the situation in the Latin Diocese of Przemysl was analysed. The compulsory school system was intended for children from peasant and bourgeois families. In order to implement it, state institutions issued several legal acts. Nevertheless, attendance in almost all compulsory schools was low throughout the analyzed period. The problem was particularly striking in rural schools. Peasants did not want to send their children to school. They did not see the benefits of education. They preferred to employ children on their farms or send them to other people for gainful employment. Children often went to school only at certain times of the year or regularly left school during the school year. In towns, too, the degree of fulfillment of school duties was quite unsatisfactory. In general, boys had a better attendance record than girls. In spite of the compulsory character of schools, state authorities often did not enforce educational obligations.
EN
In 1863 Bishop Curia in Tarnow published a document (instruction) addressed to teachers of parish and trivial schools in the area of the Tarnow diocese working in villages and towns. A few issues were discussed in it, namely general rules of teacher’s conduct; teacher’s domestic and family life; teacher’s work at schools in church and sacristy and functioning in local environment. This instruction allows to accurately recall everyday life and school responsibilities of teachers working in these social environments.
PL
W 1863 r. Kuria Biskupia w Tarnowie opublikowała dokument (instrukcję) adresowany do nauczycieli szkół parafialnych i trywialnych z terenu diecezji tarnowskiej pracujących na wsiach oraz w miasteczkach. Poruszono w nim kilka kwestii, a mianowicie: ogólne zasady zachowywania się nauczyciela; domowe i rodzinne życie nauczyciela; urzędowanie nauczyciela w szkole, kościele i zakrystii oraz funkcjonowanie w lokalnym środowisku. Instrukcja pozwala dokładnie odtworzyć życie codzienne oraz obowiązki szkolne nauczycieli pracujących w tych środowiskach społecznych.
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