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EN
As the very title of Wojciech Staroń, a cinematographer and film director’s text “Documentary versusfiction – reflections, experiences and work methods of a director of photography” indicates, it is an attempt to analyse his own artistic achievements combined with a theoretical reflection on universal and fundamental issues such as understanding the truth in film, in reference to the distinction between the genres of fiction and documentary, or mentioned towards the end of the text, an issue of constructing a film protagonist and film narration in which the protagonist functions and is immersed. All these issues are analysed in a visual context, in reference to the construction of a film shot – the meaning of its contents and form and their combination which will present the subject matter in a few seconds of screen time. The films being analyzed among others are: Pod ochroną, Nagroda and Argentyńska lekcja (Argentinian Lesson).
PL
As the very title of Wojciech Staroń, a cinematographer and film director’s text “Documentary versusfiction – reflections, experiences and work methods of a director of photography” indicates, it is an attempt to analyse his own artistic achievements combined with a theoretical reflection on universal and fundamental issues such as understanding the truth in film, in reference to the distinction between the genres of fiction and documentary, or mentioned towards the end of the text, an issue of constructing a film protagonist and film narration in which the protagonist functions and is immersed. All these issues are analysed in a visual context, in reference to the construction of a film shot – the meaning of its contents and form and their combination which will present the subject matter in a few seconds of screen time. The films being analyzed among others are: Pod ochroną, Nagroda and Argentyńska lekcja (Argentinian Lesson).
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EN
Trying to prove the existence of the mindful camera, a camera that seeks to direct the audience’s attention to what could otherwise be overlooked, the author contrasts the ‘mindful camera’ work with the ‘contemplating camera’. The former is like a partner, even committed to the story, while the latter remains distanced. The mindful camera can be static or dynamic, follow the actor’s moves, or record scenes without people. Although at times it doesn’t contribute much to the action, it always enriches the narrative. What makes the camera work ‘mindful’? Is it a result of the director’s instructions (which also determines the director’s style), the experience of the director of photography, or perhaps the intuition of the camera operator? Examples of films which employ the mindful camera are presented. Shame by Steve McQueen (2011) and Joker by Todd Phillips (2019) are discussed as two features that say a lot about human society in the first two decades of the 21st century. While the former tells the story of the ultimate consumer, the latter focuses on a rebellion of the excluded. The mindful camera shots in Shame confirm the original, often purely intuitive interpretation. In Joker, the mindful camera sometimes sympathises with the loneliness of the main character. In Wojciech Smarzowski’s The Dark House (in Polish: Dom zły, 2009), the nuanced shots of the mindful camera seem to depict not so much a crime scene investigation but a falsification thereof. In turn, Denis Villeneuve’s Incendies (2010) contains merely three, albeit extremely important, mindful camera shots. They inform the viewer of the myth that is being reinterpreted in a specific reality, with the viewer as a witness. Another film by the same director, Sicario (2015), goes even further and offers only two mindful camera shots to show us that in the modern world the individual’s rights don’t exist, whether in a clash with a drug cartel or with the state.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na filmy Na wylot (1973), Wieczne pretensje (1975) i Tańczący jastrząb (1978) Grzegorza Królikiewicza przez pryzmat techniki filmowej. W artykule autor przywołuje wspomnienia operatorów tychże filmów: Bogdana Dziworskiego i Zbigniewa Rybczyńskiego, uzupełniając je relacjami innych osób zaangażowanych w twórczy i technologiczny proces powstawania dzieł. Zebrane po latach wspomnienia filmowców zostają skonfrontowane z relacjami prasowymi z planów produkcji, a także dokumentami znalezionymi podczas szeroko zakrojonej kwerendy archiwalnej. Celem artykułu jest odsłonięcie relacji między artystycznymi aspiracjami operatorów i reżysera a technicznymi możliwościami kinematografii Polski Ludowej.
EN
The article is an attempt to look at the films Na Wylot (Through and Through, 1973), Wieczne pretensje (Permanent Objections, 1975) and Tańczący Jastrząb (The Dancing Hawk, 1978) by Grzegorz Królikiewicz through the prism of film technology. The author refers to the memories of film operators, Bogdan Dziworski and Zbigniew Rybczyński, complementing them with accounts of other people involved in the creative and technological process of film production. The film-makers’ memories collected after many years are confronted with press reports from production plans, as well as documents obtained during extensive archival research. The aim of the article is to unveil the relationship between the artistic aspirations of the cinematographer and the director on the one hand and the technological possibilities of the cinematography of Polish People’s Republic on the other.
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