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Choroba i strata jako regulator tożsamości: Rok magicznego myślenia

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Kosman M.

Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk

2019

issue 9

491-498

Cel badań. Celem artykułu było omówienie wpływu ekspresywnego pisania na sposób przeżywania żałoby i żalu po stracie. Analiza stanowi przyczynek do dyskusji o terapeutycznej mocy ekspresywnego pisania. Metoda. Analizie poddano książkę Rok magicznego myślenia Joan Didion (2016), w której autorka opisuje swoje zmagania z codziennością po nagłej śmierci jej męża. Pamiętnik został przeanalizowany zgodnie z koncepcją autobiografistyki Georges’a Gusdorfa (2009). W kontekście książki omówiono również koncepcje odnoszące się do psychologii zdrowia i choroby: teorię pięciu etapów przeżywania żałoby według Elisabeth Kübler-Ross (2007) oraz sposoby radzenia sobie ze stresem Normana S. Endlera i Jamesa D. A. Parkera (1990). Wyniki. Analiza wykazała, że myślenie magiczne, którym posługuje się autorka pamiętnika, służy jej za normatywny mechanizm obronny. Styl pisarski J. Didion, zakorzeniony w tzw. nowym dziennikarstwie, przeplata się z refleksjami na temat śmierci, co czyni go jeszcze bardziej ekspresywnym i szczerym. Można zauważyć, że J. Didion sukcesywnie przechodzi przez kolejne etapy przeżywania żałoby, a sposobem radzenia sobie, z którego pisarka korzysta najczęściej jest działanie. Odejście od myślenia magicznego pod koniec książki oraz ostateczne pogodzenie się ze śmiercią męża sugeruje, że ekspresywne pisanie było jednym z czynników, który pomógł autorce w zmaganiach z żalem po stracie. Wnioski. Rok magicznego myślenia stanowi przykład tanatografii oraz jest logicznym i spójnym odbiciem przeżyć osoby zmagającej się z traumą po śmierci bliskiej osoby. W celu pełniejszego zbadania wpływu ekspresywnego pisania na samopoczucie i dobrostan wskazana byłaby podobna analiza książki Blue Nights (2011), w której J. Didion zmaga się ze śmiercią córki.

Aim. The aim of the paper was to investigate whether expressive writing influences the way in which people mourn and grieve. The analysis may be treated as a basis for a discussion as regards expressive writing as a form of therapy. Method. The book called A Year of Magical Thinking, written by Joan Didion (2016) was analyzed. In the book the author describes her struggle with everyday life after her husband’s sudden death. The memoir was analyzed in accordance with Georges Gusdorf’s (2009) theory of autobiography. Various theories pertaining to the sphere of psychology of health and disease were also discussed: five stages of grief by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross (2007) and styles of coping by Norman S. Endler and James D. A. Parker (1990). Results. The analysis showed that the ‘magical thinking’ implemented by the author is a normative defensive mechanism. Joan Didion’s writing style, deeply rooted in New Journalism, is mixed with reflections regarding death which only adds more sincerity to it. One can observe that Didion progressively goes through successive stages of grief. Moreover, it is clear that Didion’s preferred coping style is a task-oriented one. The fact that she ultimately turns away from ‘magical thinking’ and comes to terms with her husband’s death suggests that expressive writing was one of the factors which helped her with her struggle against grief. Conclusions. A Year of Magical Thinking represents tanatography and is a logical and coherent reflection of experience of a person struggling with trauma caused by a partner’s death. In order to investigate the impact of expressive writing on wellbeing and health in general, it may be beneficial to analyze the book Blue Nights (2011) in which Didion writes about her daughter’s death.

Expressionistic Eidology: Paradigm of the Archetype

100%

Âstrubecka G. Ì.

Religious and Sacred Poetry: An International Quarterly of Religion, Culture and Education

2013

issue 1(1)

105-116

The article “Expressionistic Eidology: Paradigm of the Archetype” is part of the research project - “Expressionism in Ukrainian Literature”. The aim of the study is to highlight the archetype as an expressionistic and stylistic universal. Expressionism has been treated here primarily as poetics, with the focus on the aesthetic nature of the word and on the author’s spiritual intentions. The objective of the article has been to broaden and complement the scope of representations about theoretical fundamentals of expressionism in literature. It enhances the chance of a deeper understanding of the nature and character of this artistic phenomenon. First of all, it has been brought about by the shift of literary vectors in the axiological expressionistic paradigm from the universal, ontological basis and of the role of the phenomenon to social and historical grounds; consequently, it results in the of narrowing the semantic and chronological scope of expressionism. The methodological background of the research draws upon the studies by Ukrainian and European scholars such as V.Budny, O.Valtsel, H.G.Gadamer, C.P.Estes, M.Ilnytsky, U.Kovaliv, M.Moklytsia, R.Pihmanets, L.Ushkalov, I.Franko. The structural-typological method is used for writing this article. The key findings of the research comprise emphasis on expressionism as poetics with focus on the aesthetic nature of the word and the author’s spiritual intensions. The article highlights the idea of literary expressionism as a certain primal essence established in the profundity of human spirit, independent of conscious activity, and of social and historical conditions, but it is objectified via a human being (an artist) due to intensive inner work that is reflected in the fundamental changes of the structure of consciousness. The article underlines the paramount importance of the archetype for expressionism as a unique opportunity to reach the ultimate expression of feelings, emotions and experience concentrated in one entity as evidence that a person is receptive to mystical powers which create the universe and it proves that the celestial idea as a regulatory standard is hidden in expressionism. The Life-Death antinomy is represented as one of the dominant units in the archetypal system of expressionism; since it creates the most emotional intensity and increases the dynamics of the text. To support these ideas the phenomenological data from the works of Ukrainian prose writers such as Vasyl Stefanyk (1871-1936) and Valerian Pidmohylny (1901-1937) have been used. The results of the research focus on emphasizing one of the expressionistic universals such as the archetype, and on finding the motivational statement of this idea through analysis of V.Stefanyk and V. Pidmohylny’s conceptual foundations. The results of the research may be employed in the study of literary theory and history of literature as well as might be of use for further development of literary studies (for scholars and students). The novelty of the article includes recognition and evaluation of the archetype as one of the fundamental categories in literary expressionism.

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1 Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk

1 Religious and Sacred Poetry: An International Quarterly of Religion, Culture and Education

1 Kosman M.

1 Âstrubecka G. Ì.

1 2019

1 2013

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Choroba i strata jako regulator tożsamości: Rok magicznego myślenia

Expressionistic Eidology: Paradigm of the Archetype