Search results

1

Properties of Normalization Methods Used in the Construction of Aggregate Measures

100%

Nermend K.

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

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2012

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vol. 12

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issue 2

31-45

EN

This article presents a study on the impact of missing objects, untypical objects and the impact of displacing coordinates of the object on the results of normalization in the construction of aggregate measures for ranking socio-economic objects. The study was conducted on simulated data sets generated in order to investigate the properties of normalization methods. This article focuses on the standardization formula responsible for moving the set of objects

2

Level of Sustainable Development in Poland and EU Countries – Analysis with Cluster Stability Measures

100%

Rozmus D.

Przegląd Statystyczny

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2019

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vol. 66

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issue 1

84-93

EN

In the context of taxonomy methods in recent years, a lot of attention is paid to the stability of these methods, i.e. the answer to the question to what extent the structure discovered by a given method is actually present in the data? Many different ways of measuring stability have been proposed in the literature, which are mainly relating to the stability of the final grouping result. Lord et al. (2017) instead proposed a measure of stability for each observation from the data set and the measure of stability for individual groups. In their article, they suggest that an individual measure of stability may indicate noisy observation whereas the stability measure relating to particular groups may indicate clusters of noise which should be removed from the dataset. The aim of the paper is to apply the proposed individual measure of stability and a measure of stability for individual groups to answer the question to what extent Poland is matched the EU in terms of the level of sustainable development.

3

Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady 2464/2022 w odniesieniu do sprawozdawczości na temat zrównoważonego rozwoju przedsiębiorstw i rozporządzenia Komisji Europejskiej dotyczące „taksonomii” – założenia i cele

100%

Kamiński R.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2023

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issue 4 (44)

71-87

EN

In December 2022. Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted the Directive on Corporate Sustainability Reporting EU/2022/2464 . This directive is linked to a number of European Commission regulations enacted between 2019 and 2022, primarily concerning environmental and climate issues. The full implementation of the provisions of these new pieces of legislation into practice, due to their great complexity and voluminosity, appears to be a difficult process and one that requires considerable effort, not only organisational but also financial, from the companies covered. This study aims to present the objectives and goals of Directive EU/2022/2464 and its associated regulations, and to evaluate these legal acts. As a result of these discussion, it has been established that the newly introduced regulatory system for corporate sustainability information meets the current challenges facing the societies and economies of EU member states. The system is extremely complex in terms of the content of its provisions, which makes compliance with the established regulations appear to be a very difficult task. information. It can reduce the risk of investing in questionably sustainable assets or limit unfair competition from surrounding companies. A system of ‘taxonomies’ may also contribute to increasing the transparency of individual markets, which arguably has a positive impact on the cost of preparing investor projects. The introduction of a ‘taxonomy’ into the practice of companies involves an increase in the costs of data collection, processing and disclosure as required by this system. Linked to Directive EU/2022/2464, the ‘taxonomy’ system is one of the key tools for creating a common framework for sustainable investment activities and practices. This system can bring many benefits to investors. Indeed, it can effectively reduce greenwashing by standardising the disclosure of environmental sustainabilit information. It can reduce the risk of investing in questionably sustainable assets or limit unfair competition from surrounding companies. A system of ‘taxonomies’ may also contribute to increasing the transparency of individual markets, which arguably has a positive impact on the cost of preparing investor projects. The introduction of a ‘taxonomy’ into the practice of companies involves an increase in the costs of data collection, processing and disclosure as required by this system.

4

Bacterial species – from theory to practice

100%

Bartoszewicz M.

Edukacja Biologiczna i Środowiskowa

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2018

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issue 1

3-7

EN

Although the Mayr’s definition of species is commonly accepted for eukaryotic organisms, bacteria do not meet those established criteria. Thus, a special approach is necessary to elaborate the definition resistant to such limitations as for example the lack of sexual reproduction or horizontal gene transfers. One of the most problematic taxa in microbiology is the Bacillus cereus group composed of several closely related bacteria. Thus, on the basis of this model, doubts concerning bacterial taxonomy are discussed in the light of actual, molecular data.

5

Podobieństwo województw w Polsce pod względem rozkładu wydatków ich mieszkańców

88%

Turczak A., Zwiech P.

Ekonomia XXI Wieku

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2015

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issue 3 (7)

100-112

EN

The purpose of the paper was to determine the degree of similarity between the distribution of total monthly expenditures per capita in the individual voivodeships and to single out voivodeships most similar in that respect. All calculations were carried out based on non-identifiable individual data from the household budget survey by the Central Statistical Office. What is really important is the fact that surveying budgets by the CSO is conducted using the representative method, which allows for the generalization of the obtained results over all households in Poland. The paper included 37,427 analyzed households which were grouped into sixteen statistical populations with respect to the voivodeships. Two research tasks were implemented. The first concerned verification whether the distribution of spending per capita in individual voivodeships was the same. In order to complete this task relevant statistical hypotheses were set and verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The verification procedure was performed for each pair of voivodeships, i.e. one hundred and twenty times.The significance level of 0.01 was adopted, and therefore the risk of rejection of a true hypothesis was only 1 in 100 cases. The finalization of the first task has allowed the conclusion that the observed differences between the distributions of total monthly spending per capita in individual voivodeships of Poland are statistically significant, and thus the variable which is the subject of research has a different distribution in each of the voivodeships. The second research task was to divide the voivodeships into groups of most similar distributions. In order to accomplish this task the Wrocław taxonomy was employed. As a measure of the degree of similarity of distributions λ (lambda) statistic was used, which is based on the maximum absolute value of the difference between two empirical cumulative distribution functions. On the basis of the value of the λ statistic calculated for each of the pairs of distributions the sixteen voivodeships were divided into three uniform classes. This division resulted in the creation of a single-element group, one eight-element group and one seven-element group. The single-element group comprised the Mazovian voivodeship, the eight-element group included the Lower Silesian, Silesian, Pomeranian, Opole, Łódź, West Pomeranian, Lesser Poland and Lubuskie voivodeships, and the seven-element group comprised the Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Podlaskie, Lublin, Greater Poland, Świętokrzyskie, Warmia-Mazury and Podkarpackie voivodeships. In 2012, the average monthly spending in the individual voivodeships amounted to: in the Mazovian voiv. PLN 1,330 per person, in the Lower Silesian PLN 1,139 per person, in the Silesian voiv. PLN 1,123 per person, in the Pomeranian voiv. PLN 1,081 per person, in the Opole voiv. PLN 1,079 per person, in the Łódź voiv. PLN 1,075 per person, in the West Pomeranian voiv. PLN 1,057 per person, in the Lesser Poland voiv. PLN 998 per person, in the Lubuskie voiv. PLN 996 per person, in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voiv. PLN 947 per person, in the Podlaskie voiv. PLN 939 per person, in the Lublin voiv. PLN 938 per person, in the Greater Poland voiv. PLN 931 per person, in the Świętokrzyskie voiv. PLN 884 per person, in the Warmia-Mazury voiv. PLN 865 per person and in the Podkarpackie voiv. PLN 848 per person. In turn, the average difference in monthly spending of residents of the Mazovian voivodeship in 2012 amounted to PLN 1,171 per person, the Lower Silesian voiv. PLN 854 per person, the Silesian voiv. PLN 783 per person, the Pomeranian voiv. PLN 843 per person, the Opole voiv. PLN 606 per person, the Łódź voiv. PLN 755 per person, the West Pomeranian voiv. PLN 731 per person, the Lesser Poland voiv. PLN 649 per person, the Lubuskie voiv. PLN 581 per person, the Kujawsko-Pomorskie voiv. PLN 635 per person, the Podlaskie voiv. PLN 712 per person, the Lublin voiv. PLN 793 per person, the Greater Poland voiv. PLN 675 per person, the Świętokrzyskie voiv. PLN 578 per person, the Warmia-Mazury voiv. PLN 700 per person, the Podkarpackie voiv. PLN 478 per person.

6

Spatial Differentiation of Child Well-Being in Europe

88%

Strózik D., Strózik T.

Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia

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2014

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vol. 14

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issue 1

78-90

EN

An important determinant of the level of development of each country and the whole Europe is the care about an adequate level of well-being and quality of life of all citizens, above all those to whom the future belongs - our children. In the times of demographic changes it is particularly important to understand specific needs and rights of the youngest generation of Europeans. Investing in children is investing in our future, the shape of which will depend precisely on whether the youngest generation will be healthy, well educated and able to participate in the development of their societies. The aim of this study is to identify territorial differentiation of children’s well-being in Europe at the end of the first decade of the 21st century using the methods of multivariate data analysis. The study was based on data published by Eurostat (among others EU-SILC), OECD (PISA), UNICEF, WORLD BANK and WHO (HBSC) for the years 2009 and 2010.

7

SOCIAL CONVERGENCE IN NORDIC COUNTRIES AT REGIONAL LEVEL

88%

Kuc M.

Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy

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2017

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vol. 12

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issue 1

25-41

EN

Research background: Geographical proximity, common historical roots and collaboration within the Nordic Council cause the Nordic countries to be often wrongly treated as monoliths. However, in reality, Nordic regions differ in terms of broadly defined social and economic development. Issues concerning the standard of living are one of the priorities of the Helsinki Treaty signed by Nordic countries. Purpose of the article: The main goal of this paper is to analyze the existence of the social convergence in the Nordic NUTS-3 regions over the 2000-2015 period. The social convergence refers to a reduction in the dispersion of the standard of living across regions. The results of this analysis may be helpful in evaluating the efficiency of the activities under third and fourth Nordic Strategy for Sustainable Development. Methods: The spatial taxonomic measure of development proposed by Pietrzak was used as the standard of living approximation. Inclusion of spatial relationships in the construction of taxonomic measure of development is justified as regions are not isolated in space and can be affected by other units. The existence of beta-, sigma- and gamma convergence was tested for global spatial aggregate measure and as well for sub-groups of determinants forming the standard of living. Findings & Value added: The analysis showed that the regions with the highest standard of living are those situated on the west coast of Norway. Regions with the lowest standard of living were the ones located in central Finland. However, the most important part of this research was to investigate the existence of beta-, sigma- and gamma- social convergence. The results show that there is no convergence for global standard of living measure. However, the convergence occurs in groups of determinants of education and health care.

8

Spatial analysis of learning results in high school mathematics and Polish by county

88%

Ejsmont W., Łyko J.

Didactics of Mathematics

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2013

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issue 10(14)

19-32

EN

One way to assess the quality of the educational activities of schools is to analyze the educational value-added, with the help of which it is possible to measure the gain in students‟ knowledge that takes place at various stages of education. This is an objective measurement that takes into account the knowledge with which the student begins the next stage of learning. Access to data on the final results of tests at every stage of education enables the assessment of the quality of education in schools throughout Poland. The article aims to analyze these results and attempts to show the spatial dependence of the results obtained.

9

Ocena statystyczna rynku usług gastronomicznych w Polsce

75%

Urban S., Kowalska A.

Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych

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2012

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vol. 13

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issue 3

232-242

PL

Celem artykułu jest ocena rozwoju usług gastronomicznych w Polsce. Zaprezentowano w nim zróżnicowanie poziomu rozwoju w poszczególnych regionach i województwach. Wykorzystano do tego analizę skupień, taksonomię, liniową funkcję trendu i dynamikę zmian.

EN

The aim of this paper is to assess the development of catering services in Poland. There was presented the different levels of development in different regions and provinces using a cluster analysis, a taxonomy, a linear trend function and dynamics of change.

10

Handbook of Translation Studies. Un projet collectif

75%

Gambier Y.

Między Oryginałem a Przekładem

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2014

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vol. 23

13-17

EN

Translators are changing their approach to documents to be translated thanks to Information and Communication Technology (ICT). We are reporting a collective work or how the 174 entries of the four volumes of the Handbook of Translation Studies have been produced and are today translated. Such a project implies a team work and management

11

BRINGING THE KNOWLEDGE COMPONENTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EDUCATION (INCLUDING SPORT) TO THE PRACTICING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EDUCATOR

75%

Zeigler E. F.

Journal of Physical Education & Health - Social Perspective

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2013

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vol. 2

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issue 4

5-18

XX

The field of physical (activity) and health education, or whatever it is called in any one of the world’s countries, has undergone a “determined” but often “confused” development in the 20th century. After Sputnik went up in 1957, the field sought help from a variety of disciplines (e.g., kinesiology) and professions (e.g., management) in an attempt to truly define itself. Building on what Arthur Steinhaus (George Williams College) stated were its four “principal principles” in the early 1950s, the author asserts that some 14 “principal principles” of the field can now be affirmed. Searching for consensus, a proposed taxonomy for “developmental physical activity in exercise, sport, and physical recreation” is offered here for consideration as the field moves along in the 21st century. The author argues that the field also needs to make available to the professional practitioner a computerized inventory of generalizations that represents a distillation of the field’s scientific and scholarly literature.

12

Using BBC Learning English Podcasts to develop university students' listening skills

75%

Davydenko O.

e-mentor

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2021

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issue 5 (92)

26-35

EN

The emergence of podcasts in an English foreign language (EFL) setting is seen as a helpful aid to foreign language learning. Using podcasts might help improve language learning efficiency. This research addresses how podcasts can be an alternative means of improving English listening comprehension for university students. The study was carried out at Nizhyn Gogol State University, Ukraine, using quantitative and qualitative methods of analyzing data. To collect the data, research tools such as a questionnaire, initial and final testing, and observation were used. The procedure was introduced for a group of first-year students and implemented for six weeks. Special BBC Learning English podcast activities were designed and offered to the students. The main stages have been specified in the process of developing students’ listening skills. In the pre-listening stage, students do preparation activities to prepare for the podcast using their background knowledge. The while-listening stage is aimed at listening for gist, listening for details, making inferences, and summarizing. In the post-listening stage, the listeners are taken beyond the podcast content and set tasks which contribute to integrating other language skills. Samples of activities which correspond to these three stages are provided. A balanced approach to choosing top-down or bottom-up processing within the stages improves the process of forming competencies in listening of first-year students. Hence, based on the positive results of this study, BBC Learning English podcasts with meaningful, appropriate, and interesting activities attract the students’ attention, increase their motivation, and improve their listening comprehension.

13

Solving Educational Situations by Modelling as a Means of Pedagogical Skills Development

75%

Chudý Š.

The New Educational Review

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2006

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vol. 8

163-173

EN

The article deals with a need to introduce complex preparation for solving educational situations at university faculties educating future teachers, social educationalists and educators. It defines the terminology of an educational situation and shows possibilities of how to solve educational situations in theory as well as in practice under university conditions both from the point of view of practical realisation and research into given problems.

14

La poésie silencieuse d’Henri Michaux à René Magritte ou quand le poème se substitue en tableau

71%

Bouraoui Mabrouk I.

Quêtes littéraires

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2015

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issue 5

129-137

FR

Henri Michaux, Paul Klee and René Magritte enroll in a interdisciplinary perspective where painting looks as poem and vice versa. Correspondence between writing and painting defies taxonomy of the pictorial and scriptural in order to establish a new trans-esthetic approach. Painting interpretations show that poetry writing and pictorial articulate two tactics for the same strategy: auscultate the problem of being.

15

Zastosowanie metod taksonomicznych w badaniu warunków życia w gminach wiejskich województwa zachodniopomorskiego

63%

Bąk I., Szczecińska B.

Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development

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2015

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issue 1(35)

7-15p

EN

Research in the area of the living conditions of the cities and communes is important, both from the point of view of residents and local authorities. To improve the residents’ satisfaction with the standard of life in a given unit, fi rst the most important areas have to be diagnosed. The article attempts to compare the living conditions of the rural communes of the Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship. Linear organisation and building of similar typological groups was conducted using the unitarisation zeroed method. Construction of synthetic indicators was performed using two separate sets of diagnostic variables characterising social and economic aspects of rural communes. In addition, rural communes were divided into similar typological groups, both in terms of the highlighted aspects, using a multi-criteria taxonomy. It turned out that in the majority of communes (76%) living conditions were similar. Apart from that the living conditions in various communes dependence on their position in space.

PL

Badania dotyczące warunków życia miast i gmin są istotne zarówno z punktu widzenia mieszkańców, jak i władz samorządowych. Aby poprawić zadowolenie mieszkańców z życia w konkretnej jednostce, samorząd musi najpierw zdiagnozować obszary, które są pod tym względem najistotniejsze. W artykule podjęto próbę porównania warunków życia ludności mieszkającej w gminach wiejskich województwa zachodniopomorskiego. Liniowe porządkowanie i ustalenie grup typologicznych podobnych pod względem badanego zjawiska przeprowadzono metodą unitaryzacji zerowanej. Wskaźniki syntetyczne skonstruowano za pomocą dwóch odrębnych zestawów cech diagnostycznych, charakteryzujących aspekty społeczne i gospodarcze badanych gmin. Ponadto gminy wiejskie podzielono na grupy typologiczne, podobne jednocześnie pod względem wyróżnionych aspektów, wykorzystując w tym celu taksonomię wielokryterialną. Okazało się, że w większości gmin (76%) warunki życia mieszkańców są zbliżone. Widoczna była również zależność warunków życia w poszczególnych gminach od ich położenia w przestrzeni.

16

How many kingdoms of life? Eukaryotic phylogeny and philosophy of systematics

63%

Lamza L.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2019

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issue 66

203-227

EN

According to contemporary understanding of the universal tree of life, the traditionally recognized kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms-Protista, Fungi, Animalia and Plantae-are irregularly interspersed in a vast phylogenetic tree. There are numerous groups that in any Linnaean classification advised by phylogenetic relationships (i.e. a Hennigian system) would form sister groups to those kingdoms, therefore requiring us to admit them the same rank. In practice, this would lead to the creation of ca. 25-30 new kingdoms that would now be listed among animals and plants as “major types of life”. This poses problems of an aesthetic and educational nature. There are, broadly speaking, two ways to deal with that issue: a) ignore the aesthetic and educational arguments and propose classification systems that are fully consistent with the Hennigian principles of phylogenetic classification, i.e. are only composed of monophyletic taxa; b) ignore Hennigian principles and bunch small, relatively uncharacteristic groups into paraphyletic taxa, creating systems that are more convenient. In the paper, I present the debate and analyze the pros and cons of both options, briefly commenting on the deeper, third resolution, which would be to abandon classification systems entirely. Recent advances in eukaryotic classification and phylogeny are commented in the light of the philosophical question of the purpose and design principles of biological classification systems.

17

Porównanie rozkładów wydatków gospodarstw domowych o różnym typie biologicznym

63%

Turczak A., Zwiech P.

Journal of Modern Science

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2017

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issue 1(32)

161-182

EN

The purpose of the article was to divide biological types of households into classes of most similar distributions of expenditures. As a measure of the degree of similarity of distributions D statistic was used, which is the maximum absolute value of the difference between two empirical cumulative distribution functions. On the basis of the value of the D statistic calculated for each of the pairs of distributions the thirteen biological types of households were divided into three uniform classes. This division resulted in the creation of one single-element group with marriages (or persons living in non-marital relationships) having 4 or more dependent children, one twoelements group with one-person households and marriages (or persons living in non-marital relationships) without children and one group with remaining types of households.

PL

Celem artykułu jest dokonanie podziału typów biologicznych gospodarstw domowych na klasy o jak najbardziej podobnych rozkładach wydatków. Jako miernik stopnia podobieństwa rozkładów wykorzystano maksymalną bezwzględną wartość różnicy D między dwiema dystrybuantami empirycznymi. Na podstawie wartości statystyki D obliczonej dla każdej z par rozkładów 13 typów biologicznych gospodarstw domowych podzielono na trzy jednolite klasy. Podział ten skutkował utworzeniem jednej grupy jednoelementowej z małżeństwami (albo osobami żyjącymi w związkach nieformalnych) mającymi czworo i więcej dzieci na utrzymaniu, jednej grupy dwuelementowej z jednoosobowymi gospodarstwami domowymi i małżeń- stwami (albo osobami żyjącymi w związkach nieformalnych) bez dzieci oraz jednej grupy z pozostałymi rodzajami gospodarstw domowych.

18

Spójność rozwoju regionów w Polsce w latach 2002–2010

63%

Jabłoński Ł.

Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy

|

2014

|

issue 37

181-219

PL

Celem artykułu jest weryfikacja hipotezy o spójnym rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznym wo-jewództw Polski w latach 2002–2010. W badaniu wykorzystano mierniki taksonomiczne oparte na odległościach w przestrzeniach euklidesowej i miejskiej, które obliczono na podstawie 22 zmien-nych: 11 ujmujących rozwój ekonomiczny oraz 11 – rozwój społeczny. Artykuł składa się z kilku części. W punkcie 2. przedstawiono metodykę konstruowania mierników taksonomicznych. W punkcie 3. zaprezentowano dynamikę wykorzystanych w badaniu zmiennych społecznych i ekonomicznych. Punkt 4. zawiera analizę przestrzennego zróżnicowania wartości wziętych do badania zmiennych, a także wartości taksonomicznych wskaźników spójno-ści województw w latach 2002–2010. Punkt ostatni, czyli 5., zawiera podsumowanie i wnioski z prowadzonych rozważań. W toku badań ustalono, że: (a) dla większości wziętych do badania zmiennych ekonomicz-nych i społecznych wartości współczynników zmienności z 2010 roku były wyższe w stosunku do 2002 roku, (b) wartości współczynników zmienności (VS, VQ) taksonomicznych wskaźników (OE, OM) obliczonych dla zmiennych ekonomicznych, społecznych i społeczno-ekonomicznych, wskazują na rosnące do przełomu 2008–2009 roku zróżnicowanie województw ze względu na poziom rozwoju ekonomicznego oraz rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego. W związku z tym trudno wysnuć wniosek o spójnym rozwoju ekonomicznym, społecznym i społeczno-ekonomicznym województw w Polsce w latach 2002–2010.

EN

The aim of the paper is to verify the hypothesis about coherent socio-economic development of Voivodships in Poland between 2002 and 2010. The indicators of numerical taxonomy (Euclid-ean space and Manhattan) were used that were calculated on a basis of 22 measures: 11 reflecting economic and 11 – social development. The article consists of a few parts. The second point presents the method of calculating the indicators of numerical taxonomy of economic, social and socio-economic development. The third point discusses the change of values of measures selected for the research. The following section presents the spatial difference of values of 22 measures, and values of indicators of numerical taxonomy reflecting the Voivodship cohesion between 2002 and 2010. Lastly, the point summa-rizes the article and consists of findings of the research. The research found: (a) the values of variation coefficient calculated for majority of selected measures in 2010 were higher when compared to the year 2002. Thus, the regional differences between Vivodships increased in the period concerned, (b) the values of variation coefficients (Euclidean space, Manhattan) calculated for measures of economic, social and socio-economic nature indicate the growing up to 2009 the differences between Voivodships in terms of economic and socio-economic development. In result the research illustrates that socio-economic development of Polish voivodships be-tween 2002 and 2010 was not of coherent nature.

19

Using R Packages for Comparison of Cluster Stability

63%

Rozmus D.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica

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2017

|

vol. 4

|

issue 330

PL

W ostatnich latach dużo uwagi poświęca się zagadnieniu stabilności metod taksonomicznych, czyli odpowiedzi na pytanie o to, na ile struktura odkryta przez daną metodę rzeczywiście jest obecna w danych. W literaturze zaproponowano wiele różnych sposobów pomiaru stabilności. W ślad za rozważaniami teoretycznymi w tym zakresie idzie także rozwój narzędzi informatycznych pozwalających na praktyczne zastosowanie zaproponowanych sposobów badania stabilności. Wśród tych narzędzi jest także kilka bibliotek w programie R, np. clValid, clv, fpc, ClusterStability, pvclust. Celem artykułu jest porównanie wyników badania stabilności grupowania za pomocą wybranych bibliotek w programie R.

EN

The stability of clustering methods is the issue that has attracted a considerable amount of attention of researchers in recent years. In this respect, the major question that needs to be answered seems to be to what extent the structure discovered by a particular method is actually present in the data. The literature proposes a number of different ways of measuring stability. The theoretical considerations have led to the development of computer tools for the practical implementation of the proposed ways to study stability. The practical tools are available within several R packages, for example, clv, clValid, fpc, ClusterStability, and pvclust. Due to the hypothesis that cluster stability can be the answer to the question about the right number of groups in clustering, the main aim of this article is to compare the results of the studies on clustering stability conducted with three R packages, i.e.: clv, clValid, and fpc.

20

ZRÓŻNICOWANIE OBSZARÓW WIEJSKICH W POLSCE – UJĘCIE REGIONALNE

63%

Nermend K., Miłaszewicz D.

Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych

|

2016

|

vol. 17

|

issue 1

72-83

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie arytmetyki przyrostów w konstrukcji wektorowej miary syntetycznej do badania jednorodności czasowej zróżnicowania rozwoju obszarów wiejskich w ujęciu regionalnym w Polsce. W konstrukcji miernika zastosowano parę uporządkowaną: przyrost wartości średniej oraz przyrost odchylenia standardowego. Dzięki temu uzyskano dla każdej wartości miary dodatkową informację mówiącą o jednorodności rozwoju obszarów wiejskich polskich regionów NUTS2.

EN

The article shows the use of arithmetic of increments for constructing a synthetic vector measure in order to examine time homogeneity of the diversification of Polish rural areas development in the regional approach. The measure is composed of an ordered pair: a mean value increment and a standard deviation increment. As a consequence, for each measure value additional information is obtained about homogenous development of Polish rural NUTS2 areas.

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