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RU
'Psie serce' (1983), 'Mały bies' (1985), 'Oni' (1985) and 'Republika marzeń' (1987) are the four very important performances directed by Rudolf Zioło in Krakow. They clearly mark the scope of both formal and thematic search in the early period of the artist’s work. The literary prototype that Zioło is faithful to, becomes only a pretext for discussion with the audience about the surrounding reality and social inequalities, as well as the mechanisms behind evil. According to the reviews which have been preserved, Zioło’s performances made in Krakow in the period 1983–1989, were usually received enthusiastically and evoked a lot of emotions. His skill for building a deep psychological motivation of characters and constructing stage activities on the basis of an in-depth analysis will be a distinguishing feature of Zioło’s theatre for many years. Additionally, a strong stage realism, strengthened by scenographic solutions, will be a starting point of a grotesque, deviation and talking about difficult life situations and humanity. In his opinion, it is only the theatre after 1989 that becomes liberated from alternative functions.
PL
'Psie serce' (1983), 'Mały bies' (1985), 'Oni' (1985) and 'Republika marzeń/ (1987) are the four very important performances directed by Rudolf Zioło in Krakow. They clearly mark the scope of both formal and thematic search in the early period of the artist’s work. The literary prototype that Zioło is faithful to, becomes only a pretext for discussion with the audience about the surrounding reality and social inequalities, as well as the mechanisms behind evil. According to the reviews which have been preserved, Zioło’s performances made in Krakow in the period 1983–1989, were usually received enthusiastically and evoked a lot of emotions. His skill for building a deep psychological motivation of characters and constructing stage activities on the basis of an in-depth analysis will be a distinguishing feature of Zioło’s theatre for many years. Additionally, a strong stage realism, strengthened by scenographic solutions, will be a starting point of a grotesque, deviation and talking about difficult life situations and humanity. In his opinion, it is only the theatre after 1989 that becomes liberated from alternative functions.
EN
Cracow theatre played a special part in the Polish ritual of passage from subjugation to independence in 1918 and soon became an object of intense mythologizing itself. Its origins can be traced back to the premieres of Polish Romantic theatre staged in Cracow and the influence exerted by Stanisław Wyspiański who used the language of myths and the symbolism of remnants, being also a deconstructivist who redefined the dominant tropes, legends, and symbols of his time. When there was a need to create new myths at the time of building the Second Polish Republic, Wyspiański and the Romantics provided the inspiration as well. The legend of Józef Piłsudski as the national saviour and the myth of “holly” Legions became key ingredients of the new narrative. The article describes how they functioned in the Cracow theatre until the outbreak of the Second World War. Piłsudski was fashioned to be the new “Spirit King” from the Król-Duch poem by Słowacki and the new Konrad from Mickiewicz’s Dziady (Forefathers Eve) and Wyspiański’s Wyzwolenie (Liberation). The process of mythologizing, which intensified after the coup in May 1926, spread all over town, and all over the country, taking over public emotions and public spaces to celebrate Piłsudski and the Legions in great public performances. The burial of Słowacki’s remains, brought over from France to be interred in the Wawel Cathedral, and then the monumental funeral of Piłsudski where a similar rite was observed served the same mythologizing purpose. The last event of this kind was a monumental outdoor staging of Hymn na cześć oręża polskiego (A Hymn to the Polish Armed Forces) by Ludwik Hieronim Morstin at the Wawel Castle in August 1939. The three performances froze historical time, as it were, turning it into a cyclic funerary ritual and holiday.
PL
Teatr krakowski odegrał szczególną rolę w rytuale przejścia od zniewolenia do wolności odzyskanej w 1918 i szybko sam stał się obiektem silnej mitologizacji. Jej źródło stanowią zrealizowane na tej scenie prapremiery polskiego repertuaru romantycznego oraz wpływ, jaki wywarł Stanisław Wyspiański, posługujący się językiem mitu i symboliką szczątków, zarazem dekonstruktor redefiniujący zastane tropy, legendy i symbole. Gdy w latach budowania drugiej Rzeczypospolitej pojawiła się potrzeba stworzenia nowych mitów, sięgano m.in. do romantyków i Wyspiańskiego. Jednym z istotnych nurtów nowej narracji była legenda Józefa Piłsudskiego - narodowego wybawcy - oraz mit „świętych” Legionów. W artykule podjęto próbę omówienia ich funkcjonowania w teatrze krakowskim aż po moment wybuchu drugiej wojny światowej. Na nowego Króla-Ducha z poematu Słowackiego i nowego Konrada z Dziadów Mickiewicza i Wyzwolenia Wyspiańskiego był kreowany Piłsudski. Wzmagający się, szczególnie po przewrocie majowym w 1926, proces mitologizacji oraz rozrastania się piłsudczykowskich i legionowych performansów celebracyjnych ogarnął z czasem całe miasto, a nawet kraj, zagarniając zarówno zbiorowe afekty, jak i przestrzeń publiczną. Służyły temu wielkie performanse funebralne, takie jak wawelski pochówek sprowadzonych z Francji szczątków Słowackiego, a następnie monumentalny pogrzeb Piłsudskiego, który odbył się z zachowaniem podobnego rytu. Ostatnim widowiskiem o podobnym charakterze była monumentalna plenerowa inscenizacja Hymnu na cześć oręża polskiego Ludwika Hieronima Morstina wystawiona na Wawelu w sierpniu 1939. Te trzy performance niejako wstrzymywały zbiorowo doświadczany, historyczny czas i wprawiały go w stan cyklicznego, funebralnego rytuału-święta.
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