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Wiedza techniczna i kapitał ludzki w teorii wzrostu gospodarczego

100%
Zajączkowska-Jakimiak S.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2006
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vol. 212
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issue 11-12
47-69
EN
The author presents the evolution of the theory of economic growth and concludes that fundamental questions about the theory of growth should be addressed by applying a general concept of human capital based on knowledge and qualifications. Human capital is the most comprehensive indicator to describe economic growth and differences in affluence among nations. The analysis is divided into two parts. The first part of the study describes the historical evolution of “economic thought”-from a stage where technological progress was treated as an “exogenous phenomenon” and a veritable “manna from the sky,” as the author describes it, to a situation in which technological progress became an “endogenous variable” resulting from the accumulated know-how. The subsequent evolution of the term involved a reevaluation of the role of the human factor in production. With time, economists discovered that, alongside physical capital, human capital was a prime factor that contributed to growth as a driving force behind technological progress. The second part of the work describes the complex role of human capital in the production process. The author notes that, in a modern economy, the human factor determines the development and implementation of new technologies, in addition to the production process itself. Human capital determines the technology gap, the diffusion of know-how and the efficiency of its adaptation. As a result, investment in human capital is a fundamental factor behind development, the author concludes.
2

The Relationship between Profitability, Innovation and Technology Gap: A Basic Model

100%
Krčál O.
Review of Economic Perspectives
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2014
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vol. 14
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issue 3
215-231
EN
This paper introduces a model of innovation that explains some of the stylized facts presented in recent empirical literature. In the model, firms choose R&D expenditures that maximize their expected profits under the assumption that R&D expenditures of firms might be constrained by the size of their profits. Optimal decisions of firms generate relationships between profitability and innovation of individual firms that may create the observed patterns at the industry level. In particular, the model is able to explain an inverted-U relationship between profitability and innovation in the industry together with decreasing or flat and concave relationships between profitability and the dispersion of productivity in the industry. Additionally, the paper investigates the parameter space for which the model generates the observed relationships.
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Luka techniczna i technologiczna a konkurencyjność gospodarki opóźnionej technologicznie

75%
Łobaziewicz M.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
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2008
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vol. 36
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issue 3
195-206
EN
In the present article a review is made of definitions and theories of technology gap. An attempt is made to analyze it from the point of view of its significance for the economy of the country of low technology competition, with special attention paid to Polish economy and companies functioning in such an economy. The problem of technological gap has been presented in the light of Polish and foreign research. Moreover, in the article an attempt has been made to evaluate the significance of the gap for the competition position of low tech economy. Attention has been drawn to the fact that technology gap should not be perceived as a negative phenomenon but it should be used to improve the competitiveness of those branches of industry that give the greatest added value to the economy of the country in the situation in which many of them are threatened with de-industrialization caused by changes in the world trade.
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