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EN
The aim of following paper is to reconstruct the discussion concerning reflexive justification on the basis of philosophy and philosophy of law. At first, the presented proposition is a project of Immanuel Kant’s philosophy transformation, framed within the study of the philosophy of language and realized by K.-O. Apel and W. Kuhlmann. This analysis concerns both its construction and its relation to the theory of argumentation, using the concept of an ideal and unlimited communicative community. The next discussed issue is the pleas concerning this approach, formulated by J. Habermas from reconstructive perspective, which rejects the reflexive justification and, instead of the conditions of argumentation’s possibility, it examines conditions of possibility of communication as such. The analysis also concerns R. Alexy’s transcendentalpragmatic argument, which shows similarities between the reconstructive approach of J. Habermas and the reflexive justification theories of K.-O. Apel and W. Kuhlmann. In this paper, there are two streams of critique presented regarding this approach – the first concerning justification of general practical discourse’s rules, and the second concerning reception of discursive ethics in legal argumentation, a so-called Sonderfallthese. The critique of R. Alexy’s legal discourse may be interpreted as a theory searching for the difficult to accept third way between reflection and reconstruction.
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PL
W ostatnich latach lawinowo rośnie liczba empirycznych badań nad populizmem. Celem niniejszego tekstu jest analiza już istniejących badań nad populizmem korzystających z metod jakościowych, omówienie ich podstawowych kategorii oraz struktury badania, a także wskazanie na zalety oraz problemy każdego z omawianych podejść. Artykuł przedstawia trzy najbardziej wpływowe nurty jakościowych badań nad populizmem: analizę ideologii-podejście morfologiczne, teorię dyskursu oraz analizę historyczno-dyskursywną.
EN
In recent years, the amount of empirical research on populism has increased dramatically. The purpose of this text is to analyze these strands of existing research on populism which employ qualitative methods. Additionally, the paper discusses their basic categories and research design, and highlights the advantages and drawbacks of each of these approaches. The paper presents the three most influential trends in qualitative research on populism: ideology analysismorphological approach, discourse theory, and historical-discursive analysis.
PL
Gwałtowne zmiany społeczne i polityczne – rewolucje, ruchy masowe, procesy demokratyzacji – były flagowymi tematami socjologii historycznej w jej klasycznej postaci. Choć jej czołowi przedstawiciele – jak Charles Tilly czy Theda Skocpol – nie byli ślepi na zmiany w obrębie nauk humanistycznych i społecznych, tylko w niewielkim stopniu w swych późnych pracach uwzględnili reperkusje zwrotu kulturowego czy lingwistycznego dla swojej dyscypliny. Jednocześnie heterodoksyjne tradycje badawcze zorientowane na różnie pojęty dyskurs zwróciły się ku badaniom historycznym. Artykuł jest próbą przemyślenia podstawowych pytań stawianych przez klasyczną socjologię historyczną Tilly’ego w świetle zorientowanej na dyskurs korekty epistemologicznej, i przede wszystkim ontologicznej, w naukach społecznych. Tekst łączy cechy artykułu przeglądowego i przyczynku teoretycznego. Prezentuje dorobek rozproszonych, choć mających w sobie niemało do powiedzenia dyscyplin badawczych i proponuje możliwości ich wzajemnej integracji. Jest także próbą przemyślenia i rekonstrukcji zorientowanej na dyskurs socjologii historycznej.
EN
Turbulent social changes such as revolutions, mass movements or processes of democratization were major topics for the classical historical sociology. Its leading proponents such as Charles Tilly or Theda Skocpol were generally receptive towards paradigmatic shifts in social sciences and the humanities. However, their receptions of linguistic and cultural turn were limited if not flawed. This article attempts to rethink classical research questions of Tilly’s historical sociology from the perspective of discourse-oriented epistemological and ontological shift. The paper presents relevant insights from various research disciplines concerning discourse theory and historical discourse analysis and offers a way of their cross-fertilization. It is also an attempt to reconstruct and rearticulate historical sociology as a discourse oriented theoretical and methodological perspective.
EN
Discourse Theory is a heterogeneous ensemble of approaches, which have recently brought some refreshment in the social and political sciences. Although it offers a kind of social ontology based on post-structuralist approach towards language and discourse, it does not provide with a given methodology, ready to use in empirical research. Hitherto prevailing researches have rather looked for empirical exemplifications of the assumed theory, than made their referential strategy clear and convincing. Therefore, an effort of supplementing the theoretical and methodological matrix with some definite research techniques, seems substantial. A more empirically oriented discourse research approaches as Critical Discourse Analysis or even lexicometrical research can be here of a great value. Although a significant differences in ontological assumptions can be observed, a combined research strategies, enabling well proved empirical research appear not impossible to work out and successfully utilise.
PL
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