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The Matter at Hand: A Practice-Theoretical Model of Digital Gaming

100%
Jaćević M.
Replay. The Polish Journal of Game Studies
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2019
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vol. 6
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issue 1
7-26
PL
Badania nad naturą grania są utrudnione przez różnorodność możliwych form, jakie może przybierać ta działalność. W artykule tym podejmuję ten problem, analizując gry (cyfrowe) pod szyldem teorii praktyki i próbuję rzucić więcej światła na praktyczne aspekty kompetencji ludycznych. Opierając się na założeniach teoretycznych i koncepcyjnych Pierre’a Bourdieu, przedstawiam ogólny model gier cyfrowych jako formy usytuowanej praktyki człowieka, a następnie prezentuję studium przypadku, zaprojektowane w celu przetestowania i skorygowania wstępnej wersji modelu. Choć poszerzenie zakresu stosowalności modelu wymaga badań na większej populacji graczy, wyniki naszego badania potwierdzają poprawność naszego modelu rozumianego jako teoria wyznaczania i osadzania praktyk wyrosłych z artefaktów ludycznych.
EN
Investigations into the nature of the activity of gaming have been made difficult by virtue of the plurality of possible forms this activity may take. In this paper, I address this problem by examining (digital) gaming under the heading of practice theory, in an attempt to shed more light on the practical aspects of ludic literacy. Building on the theoretical and conceptual frameworks of Pierre Bourdieu, I present a general model of digital gaming as a form of situated human practice, followed by details of a case study, conducted in order to test and adjust the initial version of the model. Though further research with a greater population of players is needed in order to expand the scope of the model, the findings of the study lend credence to its validity as a conceptual framework for delineating and framing different practices generated by digital game artefacts.
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Jak myśleć o praktyczności: Wojciecha W. Gasparskiego traktat o filozofii Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego oraz similaria

94%
Makowski P. T.
Prakseologia
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2021-2022
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issue 163/164
163-178
XX
Tekst jest przyczynkiem do dyskusji nad książką prof. Wojciecha Gasparskiego Filozofia praktyczności. Traktat o filozofii Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego oraz similaria (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2021). Autor artykułu najpierw omawia treść książki i samą ideę praktyczności w kontekście aspiracji filozoficznych prakseologii; następnie omawia dwa możliwe kierunki współczesnej interpretacji prakseologicznej idei praktyczności: popularną w dziedzinie zarządzania tzw. teorię praktyki oraz analityczną filozofię działania. Celem tej zwięzłej dyskusji jest ukazanie potencjału rozwojowego idei prakseologicznych Kotarbińskiego.
EN
The text is a brief contribution to the discussion on Prof. Wojciech Gasparski’s book Filozofia praktyczności (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, 2021). The author first presents the content of the book and the idea of practicality itself in the context of praxiology’s philosophical ambitions. In the second step, the author discusses two possible directions of contemporary interpretation of the praxiological idea of practicality: the so-called practice theory, popular in the field of management, and the analytical philosophy of action. The purpose of this concise discussion is to show the developmental potential of Kotarbiński’s praxiological ideas.
3
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Pierre Bourdieu on Art As Social Practice. The Defence of the Concept of the Autonomous Field of Cultural Production

94%
Piotrowska M.
Art Inquiry. Recherches sur les arts
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2019
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vol. XXI
69-83
PL
Celem artykułu jest namysł nad poststrukturalistyczną konceptualizacją praktyk społecznych i autonomicznych pól produkcji kulturowej w późnej twórczości Pierre'a Bourdieu, zmierzający w kierunku wyodrębnienia specyfiki autonomicznego pola sztuki i uchwycenia nastawienia auto¬ra wobec własnych konstrukcji teoretycznych. Autonomiczne pole sztuki rysuje się w tym kontek¬ście jako jedna z takich trwających wciąż struktur o charakterze historycznym, które umożliwiają produkcję i reprodukcję kultury; jako stosunkowo wolne od zewnętrznych nacisków, autonomicz¬ne pola produkcji kulturowej sprzyjają akumulacji wiedzy i wzmacniają potencjał refleksji. Jako takie – pole sztuki jest diagnozowane u Bourdieu jako współczesna wartość wymagająca obrony. Autorka wydobywając z konceptualizacji Bourdieu tę diagnozę, z którą się zgadza, stara się tak¬że wskazać najważniejsze tradycje humanistyczne, które, według niej, umożliwiły nowoczesne i współczesne ujęcia teorii praktyki oraz rozwój myśli Bourdieu w kierunku emancypacyjnym.
EN
The article’s aim is to reflect on the late poststructuralist conceptualisations of social practices and autonomous fields of cultural production by Pierre Bourdieu in order to distin¬guish the specificity of the autonomous field of art and to grasp the author’s attitudes to these theoretical constructions. The autonomous field of art is being drawn in the late thought of the French thinker as one of the still existing structures of historical character enabling cultural production and reproduction that is relatively free from external pressures, favours the accu¬mulation of knowledge and enhances reflection. As such – it is diagnosed as a contemporary value in need of defence. The author of these considerations tries to extract this diagnosis, with which she agrees, form Bourdieu’s thought. She also attempts to point out the most important, according to her, humanistic traditions which enabled some selected approaches to the theory of practice of modernity and late modernity, and thus the development of Bourdieu’s ideas towards emancipation.
4
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A. Giddensa teoria strukturacji a teoria konstruktywizmu strukturalnego P. Bourdieu

94%
Turowski J.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
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2005
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vol. 33
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issue 1
37-59
EN
The author makes a comparative analysis of the views in sociology of the dilemmas between agency and the social structure that shapes it (in Giddens’s formulation) and on the dilemma between objectivism and subjectivism in approaching reality (in P. Bordieu’s formulation). Both these theoreticians agree in recognizing these dilemmas-antinomies as merely apparent and false ones. Both Giddens and Bourdieu declare abandoning controversy on the „nature” of the individual and society in the form of the dichotomy: agency-structure, or the dilemma: objectivism-subjectivism, and making the investigations of social practices, that is of real social behaviors and agency, the subject of sociological studies. For study reasons they define the individual–man in a neutral way as an „acting subject”, „social actor”, and the social collective–social group, term as a „collective actor” and „group subject”. Analysis of social practices that are ordered in time and space made by Giddens shows that individuals-subjects undertake and reproduce routine and strategic actions and they are guided by p r a c t i c a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s, comprising both knowledge and control of their agency. They monitor their behavior. They (subjects) are characterized by selfreflexiveness (Giddens) or habitus as a set of dispositions inclining social actors to respond and act in a definite way in a given situation (Bourdieu). Hence they are characterized by self r e g u l a t i o n. The agency happens in a certain connection with the structure. The structure comprises a set of institutionalized rules–ways and significant codes of behavior as well as resources, the so-called allocation and authority resources (Giddens) with the help of which the agency is done. Hence agency as actions and structure as „the means” of agency constitute a duality, that is divided only analytically. Duality is the main thesis of the structuration theory formulated by Giddens. Structure in Bourdieu’s formulation is characterized by objectivity; it is interiorized by individuals and is subjectivized by individuals in the course of upbringing and being exposed in the biographical course of life, but then it is also subjected to externalization in the shape of reproduction of agencies, construing new or modified agencies, new forms of organizations, behavior patterns or professed values and recognized norms. These processes or „mechanism”: of subjectivization of objectivity and objectivization of in a way processed subjectivity are defined as „theory of structural constructivism. With a little different understandings of „structure” and in a little different ways both authors solve – as it appears – apparent dilemmas. To define super-individual social wholes in which individuals occur in social life Giddens introduces the concepts of social system and of society conceding the attribute of subjectiveness to them. On the other hand, Bourdieu rejects this definition and leaves the study of the network of relations – various kinds of relations occurring between individuals, that is the so-called interhuman spaces, and of the symbolic fields it consists of, that are various and differentiated spheres of actions, interests-values which individuals enter with an adequate „capital” and compete with one another in the „symbolic struggle” for their interests-values. Authority and subjectivity of an individual. Authority is the domination occurring between people in social life. The sources of authority lie in the differences in resources (of allocations and authority) that individuals or societies-states have at their disposal (Giddens). Authority has a s y m b o l i c character, it is conferred with the help of proper rituals and if it is in some way respected, it derives its validity from that fact; otherwise it is a symbolic violence. The state is a self-validating monopolist of symbolic violence (Bourdieu). In the synthetic conclusion both authors express the view that all structural conditions preserve and respect t h e s u b j e c t i v i t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l’s agency, since limiting some they liberate other agencies and make them possible (Gidden), and the habitus gives a possibility of different behaviors in immediate social situations and of recognizing and considering objective historical structural conditions in the activity of social subjects (Bourdieu).
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