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1
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Political Parties and Their Role in Determining a Territorial Division of Poland

100%
Słobodzian B.
Political Preferences
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2015
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issue 11
35-49
EN
A territorial division of a country constitutes the basis of a current organization of the communal life; hence its stability is a fundamental condition of an effective administration in a local, regional as well as statewide scale. Therefore, political parties that are involved in drafting the law as well as are entitled to accept or reject acts shall perform for the benefit of general public, but for particular reasons.
2
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Bulgarian Urban Settlements in the Early 21stCentury

88%
Ilieva M., Iliev I.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
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2010
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vol. 13
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issue 13
113-126
EN
The article presents the main changes in Bulgarian urban settlements during the last two decades and the present-day situation and processes of their development. A pronounced tendency towards a decrease in the urban population in Bulgaria can be observed in this period, which is closely related to the continuing drop in the total number of the country's population. A comparison with earlier periods shows that there is a greater concentration of population in the cities and middle-sized towns. The processes of transformation in Bulgarian urban settlements are similar to those in the other Central and East-European countries in transition. The economic transformations and the changes in the urban economy affected the urban territorial structure. The last two decades have witnessed considerable changes in the spatial pattern of the complex systems links established between the settlements as well as between the settlements, gravitating to the cities or agglomerations. The regional policy, which has been implemented for the past two decades, aims to consolidate the importance of Bulgarian urban settlements (over 20 thousand inhabitants) and agglomerations in regional development.
3
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Struktury kościoła rzymskokatolickiego w Polsce

75%
Klima E., Łódzki U.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica
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2011
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issue 11
PL
W Polsce od wielu lat dyskutowane jest miejsce Kościoła we współczesnym państwie i społeczeństwie. Jednym z wymiarów powiązań jest administracja. Można się zastanawiać czy struktury terytorialne i organizacyjne instytucji jaką jest Kościół rzymskokatolicki powinny być dopasowane do struktur terytorialnych administracji państwowej. We Francji czy Wielkiej Brytanii stanowią lub stanowiły one podstawę samorządności na najniższym szczeblu. Poczucie tożsamości lokalnej wyrasta tam z poczucia przynależności do parafii. Ciekawe jest także, jak struktury kościelne kościoła powszechnego stają się strukturami narodowymi i dopasowują się do kształtu państwa narodowego. Celem artykułu jest prześledzenie tego procesu od początku Państwa Polskiego do współczesności. Ma on charakter kompilacyjny. Podjęto w nim próbę przeniesienia na grunt geografii dorobku historyków Kościoła katolickiego oraz prawników i administratywistów. Struktury terytorialne Kościoła katolickiego w Polsce od początku jego istnienia ulegały ciągłym zmianom. Przez większość tego okresu nie pokrywały się one z granicami państwowymi i granicami administracyjnymi. Dopiero od niedawna prowadzona jest polityka dostosowania obszaru podlegającego Episkopatowi krajowemu do obszaru tego państwa. Do tej pory jednak nie udało się dopasować struktur niższego rzędu. Dotyczy to zarówno gmin i parafii, jak i województw i diecezji. Szczególnie w pierwszym przypadku ten dualizm odczuwany jest przez mieszkańców–parafian.
EN
We have discussed the role of Catholic Church in modern Polish society and state for at least two last decades. New political system caused changes in attitudes towards this institution. The institution because Church, in theology Christ and people, is seen also as such when one analyses relation with state. One of the exemplifications of these relations is administrative structure and territorial division. It is interesting how two constructs, secular and sacral, are comparable. In France or Britain church’s territorial structures were basis for states’ local divisions and gave solid bases for civil society creation – territorial identity is rooted in parishes there. Another problem is how structures cohere on the state level. The aim of the article is to examine these processes in Polish context. It is also an attempt to transpose Church’s historians and lawyers’ achievements into geography. The territorial structures of Polish Catholic Church have constantly evolved since year 966. For most of the time they have differed from the state territorial structures. Only after the Second World War policy of “closing” nation church and nation state organization was successful. Though on regional and local level there is no convergence. This dualism is seen in communes very clearly.
4
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ДИХОТОМІЯ «ЦЕНТР-ПЕРИФЕРІЯ» В СИСТЕМІ ПРОСТОРОВИХ СТРУКТУР ГЛОБАЛІЗОВАНОГО СВІТУ

75%
Vermenych Y.
Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки
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2022
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issue 31
183-201
EN
Decentralization processes are increasingly becoming the driving force of changes in the modern world, and how regional elites use their advantages and minimize their disadvantages depends on whether they will turn out to be a boon or a factor of social destruction. It is extremely important in modern conditions that the social and humanitarian sciences contribute to the conceptualization of system-dynamic interdisciplinary knowledge, the scope of which will cover not only the hierarchy of centers and peripheries within a single country, but also the space «above» state borders, which is amenable to regulation. The article is devoted to highlighting modern methodological approaches to reviewing the concepts of center-periphery relations and developing a new model of regionalism, which is based on the recognition of the freedom of pluralism and the intransitive importance of the ideas of multiculturalism. In this context, all cognitive strategies built on the advantages of the ideas of centralization, and first of all on the traditional model of center-periphery relations and modernization, undergo correction. It has been proven that the postmodern situation in which modern society is located is the least reminiscent of a domineering vertical, built according to the usual canons of center-periphery. Rather, it is associated with a heterogeneous horizon that can be modified in a wide variety of configurations. Reviewing the concepts, models and structure of established center-periphery relations contributes to rethinking the mechanisms and scope of influence of political, economic and cultural centers on the course of social development of spatial structures in the context of new challenges. Built on this foundation, the theory of center-periphery polarity is seen as an innovative operational tool in the entire system of natural and social sciences, which to one degree or another are engaged in the analysis of spatial relations
5
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Proces transformacji gospodarstw osób prawnych w latach 1990-1996

51%
Dzun W.
Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej
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2014
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issue 2(339)
14-38
EN
The article analyses the changes in the sector of farms operated by legal persons between 1990 and 1996, i.e. in a period that marked the most fundamental systemic changes. The adoption and implementation of the idea of accelerating the transformation of ownership relationships in agriculture, aimed at reducing public as well as collective private ownership and instead extending and enhancing private ownership by natural persons, resulted in liquidating the production sector of State agricultural enterprises and weakening agricultural cooperatives. At the same time, the process removed the territorial barriers to the development of farms run by natural persons, which made it possible to establish farms operated by private legal persons in legal and organisational forms other than cooperatives. As a result, a very dynamic transformation process began, not only in the ownership structure of farms, but also in organisational, legal, territorial and economic structure. The paper presents changes in the entire sector of farms operated by legal persons, considering the different legal and organisational forms as well as area, and the changes in the share of those farms in the use of agricultural land, labour resources, capital resources, and in agricultural production. The paper also presents changes in the efficiency of agricultural production in farms of that sector against farms operated by natural persons.
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