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1
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Social responsibility of organization towards new and radical market actors

100%
Dereń A. M., Skonieczny J.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
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2017
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issue 464
20-30
EN
The purpose of the article is an attempt to outline the problems related to the participation of new and radical social communities in the market game, such as: Internet communities, members of the precariat, refugees, immigrants and terrorists. These communities have not been the object of thorough research and analysis related to the theory of management yet. Most of the radical market actors were developed in a spontaneous manner or as a result of globalization processes taking place in the contemporary world. This is a specific challenge for organizations, especially for those which implement a strategy based on social responsibility. Our recommendation includes social communication and co-existence as the basis and framework for an organization which is socially responsible. These are frameworks making it possible to shape an individual business ecosystem in which it is necessary to establish specific relations even with the most radical actors of the contemporary market.
2
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Some Remarks on Poland’s Potential Responsibility for the Treatment of Detainees in a CIA Prison in Poland

100%
Wierczynska K.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2011
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vol. 31
259-283
EN
Secret detentions, renditions, torture and other forms of cruel treatment cannot be considered as humane treatment in any situation. A State that performs such acts can obviously be held responsible, as can any other States which aid, assist, facilitate, and offer their airports or prisons. All these violations of international law were connected with the American and European counter-terrorism actions in the context of their “global war on terror”. Detaining prisoners without the consent of a competent court, without informing their families, interrogating them, torturing them and other examples of using “enhanced techniques” amount to a violation of international law and can lead to either the legal responsibility of the state, the criminal responsibility of state officials, or both. This article analyzes the scope of Poland’s potential responsibility for violations of both international and domestic law connected with the question of the detainment of American secret prisoners on Polish soil.
3
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Terroryzm w myśli Michaela Walzera

84%
Gaik K.
Scripta Philosophica. Zeszyty Naukowe Doktorantów Wydziału Filozofii KUL
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2013
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vol. 2
35-55
EN
The paper seeks to show the Phenomenon of modern terrorism that started in the 1920's and is present now. Article has calling attention on puropse on global character of terror and lack of forceful manner to attempts overcoming. In first sequence are depicts the reasons of terrorism (present short historic outline leading to the most important events of terrorist's attacks and motives what terrorists use), terrorism's consequences (terrorist's attacks in last decade and important role of mass media that played in devolution of infomation about participations of terrorist's events) and this, how to belonged to defend before it (antiterrorism) from prospect of Michael Walzer – American philosopher for over thirty years concerning of the problem of using violence in international conflicts, considered of one of the most important American polemicist and public intellectual, a professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey. All above-mentioned notions have been analyzed about main three Walzer's papers: "On toleration", "Just and Unjust War", and "Arguing about War".
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie zjawiska współczesnego terroryzmu, które zaistniało w latach dwudziestych i obecne jest do dziś. Szczególną uwagę skupia autor na globalnym charakterze terroru i braku skutecznej metody zapobiegania terrorowi. Pierwsza część przedstawia przyczyny terroryzmu (krótki zarys historyczny z uzwględnieniem najważniejszych ataków terrorystycznych oraz motywów, jakimi kierują się ich sprawcy), konsekwencje terroryzmu (ataki terrorystyczne w ostatniej dekadzie i rola, jaką odegrały media w przekazywaniu informacji na temat osób zamieszanych w incydenty terrorystyczne) oraz to, jak bronić się przed terroryzmem (antyterroryzm) z punktu widzenia Michaela Walzera – amerykańskiego filozofa, podejmującego od ponad trzydziestu lat problem używania przemocy w konfliktach międzynarodowych, uważanego za jednego z najbardziej znaczących amerykańskich polemistów i intelektualistów, emerytowanego profesora Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) w Princeton, w stanie New Jersey. Wyżej wspomniane kwestie zostały poddane anlizie w oparciu o trzy najważniejsze pozycje Walzera: "On toleration", "Just and Unjust War" oraz "Arguing about War".
4
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Zjawisko terroryzmu a bezpieczeństwo narodowe Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

84%
Baran W.
Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne
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2019
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vol. 15
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issue 1
100-116
EN
The author discusses the issue of terrorism in the article, referring to both the analysis of this concept and related behaviors. Its aim is, first of all, to analyze the possible terrorist threat and review the most important threats that appear in the documents of the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland and the White Book of National Security of the Republic of Poland. The author also attempts to answer the question whether Poland is free from this type of threats.
PL
Autorka w artykule omawia problematykę obejmującą zagadnienie terroryzmu, odwołując się zarówno do analizy tego pojęcia, jak i zachowań z tym związanych. Jej celem jest przede wszystkim analiza możliwego zagrożenia terrorystycznego i przegląd najważniejszych zagrożeń jakie w związku z tym pojawiają się w dokumentach Strategii Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP oraz Białej Księdze Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP. Autorka podejmuje również próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie czy Polska jest wolna od tego typu zagrożeń.
5
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Domestic Investigation into Participation of Polish Officials in the CIA Extraordinary Rendition Program and the State Responsibility under the European Convention on Human Rights

84%
Bodnar A., Pacho I.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2011
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vol. 31
233-257
EN
Poland has been accused of participation in the extraordinary rendition program established by the United States after the September 11, 2001 attacks. It is believed that a secret CIA detention facility operated on the Polish territory, where terrorist suspects were transferred, detained and interrogated with the use of torture. Currently, Poland has found itself in a unique situation, since, unlike in other countries, criminal investigation into renditions and human right violations is still pending. Serious doubts have arisen, however, as to the diligence of the proceedings. The case was incomprehensibly prolonged by shifting the investigation to different prosecutors. Its proper conduct was hindered due to state secrecy and national security provisions, which have covered the entire investigation from the beginning. This article argues that Polish judicial authorities, along with the government, should undertake all actions aiming at explaining the truth about extraordinary rendition and seeking accountability for human rights infringement. Otherwise, Poland may face legal responsibility for violating the European Convention on Human Rights. This scenario becomes very probable, since one of the Guantanamo prisoners has already lodged a complaint against Poland with the European Court of Human Rights.
6
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Kto dokonuje zamachów? Jak zmieniał się wizerunek terrorysty na przełomie XX i XXI wieku?

84%
Taras R.
Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa
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2019
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issue 7
125-139
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie zewnętrznych cech terrorystów. Spróbujemy w nim zobrazować wygląd terrorysty na przestrzeni lat. Jego obraz został przedstawiony na przykładach między innymi komórki partyzanckiej Zagra-Lin, która dokonywała zamachów na terenie okupowanej w czasie II wojny światowej Polski oraz w III Rzeszy, w Berlinie i Breslau (dzisiejszym Wrocławiu), a także incydentów, jakie miały miejsce w Madrycie i Londynie w latach 2004-2005. Skomentowano również zdarzenia z 27 października 2018 w Pittsburghu (USA). W artykule omówiono znaczenie świadomości społecznej współczesnych zagrożeń, a także udowodniono, że każdy obywatel danego kraju powinien być świadomy wspólnej odpowiedzialności za bezpieczeństwo otoczenia i wszelkie zmiany naszego naturalnego środowiska powinny być odnotowane.
EN
This article aims to explore the external characteristics of terrorists. We will try to look and bring the image of the terrorist over the years. The terrorist’s image was depicted on the example of the Zagra-Lin guerrilla cell in Berlin and Breslau (today Wrocław), as well as incidents from Madrid and London in 2004-2005, and October 27, 2018 in Pittsburgh (USA). The article discusses the importance of social awareness of contemporary threats, also proves that every citizen of a given country should be aware of their joint responsibility for the safety of their surroundings and that any change in its natural state should be recorded.
7
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Specjalne użycie broni. Wybrane aspekty prawne

84%
Kosmaty P.
Studia Prawnicze KUL
|
2021
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issue 1
143-164
EN
The increasing number of terrorist acts has necessitated the introduction of novel legal solutions allowing for the efficient protection of the state. The following paper focuses on the legal premises of the application of firearms by the police and other services, with particular attention to the so-called precision shot: an instrument introduced by the counter-terrorist measures act of 2 July 2016. Keeping in mind that the aforementioned solution inevitably collides with a whole range of personal rights and freedom, the author conducts an analysis of the legal mechanisms underlying the depenalisation of such measures, with particular attention paid to the countertype of a prohibited action within the legal bounds of service rights and duties, as well as forced defence. The article also refers to the standard of protection of human rights with the forced use of firearms viewed from the perspective of article 2 of the European Code of Human Rights defining the right to live, as clarified by the Strasburg jury. Finally, the paper discusses a range of practical situations where the special application of firearms may be necessary.  
PL
Wzrastająca liczba ataków terrorystycznych powoduje, iż niezbędne staje się wprowadzanie nowych instytucji prawnych, które pozwolą na skuteczną ochronę bezpieczeństwa państwa. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie przesłanek legalności użycia broni palnej przez funkcjonariuszy policji i innych służb, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem tzw. strzału snajperskiego – instrumentu wprowadzonego na mocy ustawy z dnia 2 lipca 2016 r. o działaniach antyterrorystycznych. Mając z kolei na względzie, iż nieunikniona pozostaje kolizja wskazanych uprawnień z szeregiem praw i wolności jednostki, autor dokonuje analizy mechanizmów prawnych prowadzących do depenalizacji takich zachowań – kontratypu działania w ramach uprawnień i obowiązków oraz obrony koniecznej. Przywołany zostaje także wypracowany w orzecznictwie strasburskim standard ochrony praw człowieka w zakresie użycia broni palnej z perspektywy art. 2 EKPC chroniącego prawo do życia. Końcowo, autor wskazuje na sytuacje, w jakich w praktyce może mieć miejsce specjalne użycie broni palnej.  
8
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Migration – a Significant Social Security Concern for the European Union

67%
Matis J., Nagyová L.
Security Dimensions: International & National Studies
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2019
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vol. 29(29)
22-63
EN
The article presents the view of migration seen as a serious global problem of the 21st century that must be seriously considered by the European Union. Particularly, uncontrolled mass migration is conceived as a global problem because it affects all areas of life of every society – political, economic and cultural. The article highlights the main causes of mass migration: poverty and its deepening in the world, and the war. These phenomena are briefly described and analysed in the first part of the article. The second part is concerned with the description and analysis of the possible consequences of uncontrolled mass migration for the European Union. Radicalism, extremism and terrorism were defined as the most serious consequences of uncontrolled mass migration in the article. Despite the fact that migration is conceived as an important social and security issue, it is also defined as an important factor of the current European integration. At the end of the article it is concluded that if migration is not conceived as an important social and security issue which needs to be addressed, it can result in such phenomena as radicalism, extremism and terrorism in the European Union.
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