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Johann Regius i Konrad Graser Starszy o kulcie obrazów. Przyczynek do dziejów sztuki w nowożytnym Toruniu

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Skibiński F.

Zapiski Historyczne

2011

vol. 76

issue 2

77-86

The subject of the article are viewpoints of Johann Regius and Conrad Graser the Older, pastors and scholars connected with Torun’s Academic Gymnasium School at the beginning of the 17th century, referring to the worship of images. On the basis of the polemical texts of Graser Historia Antichristi and Ultima Verba it was shown that in his polemics there appeared many topoi typical of Protestant argumentation in the dispute about the worship of pictures taking place between Catholics and advocates of Reformed denominations. The most important place is occupied by the belief about the resemblance between the Catholic cult described in the Old Testament and the worship given to idols, as well as the criticism of extravagant temples and ceremonies. Graser’s polemics was directed against the Catholics and perhaps the Lutherans; it was connected with the phenomenon of the Second Reformation in Prussian towns of the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries. The statements not only prove that Toruń’s and Gdańsk’s Protestants were familiar with the basic arguments in the dispute about the worship of pictures in its European context, but they also demonstrate the manner in which the Protestant doctrine could affect the form of works of art created in Toruń in the epoch of the dominance of Reformed denominations. Finally, the source of Melchior Adam was cited, which referred to the burial of Graser and his epitaph. This proves that funerary art, embracing the biggest number of works of art to be found in churches taken over by Protestants in Toruń and other Prussian towns, was accepted even by the most radical opponents of the worship of images.

Vzdělání, vzdělávací příručky a školní literatura v prostředí jednoty bratrské v předbělohorském období

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Růčková M., Reischlová D.

Folia historica Bohemica

2021

vol. 36

issue 2

169-218

Throughout its entire existence, the Unity of Brethren’s approach to education was very cautious in the period preceding the Battle of White Mountain. Education – together with upbringing – constituted a coherent complex the aim of which was to gain basic knowledge and to acquire doctrinal basics of the Unity, as well as practical skills. Until the middle of the 16th century, the Unity of Brethren’s approach to education was ambivalent – since its beginnings, the Unity did not refuse basic education (reading and writing), but its relationship to higher education was reserved. Yet in the end, the higher education started to be valued as well, partly owing to external circumstances. Lay members of the Unity of Brethren were being educated in schools established by congregations of the Brethren, while upbringing and education of future priests of the Unity took place directly in the houses of the Brethren. In both cases, the Brethren used textbooks and other aids coming from domestic printing offices, as well as those of foreign origin. Youth priests of the Unity were also sent to study at foreign educational institutions, from which they brought many books upon their return. These books could later become a basis for their personal book collection, as is evidenced by the book inventory of priest Bohuslav Jafet († 1615) who had studied at Calvinist universities and academies.

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1 Folia historica Bohemica

1 Zapiski Historyczne

1 Reischlová D.

1 Růčková M.

1 Skibiński F.

1 2021

1 2011

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Johann Regius i Konrad Graser Starszy o kulcie obrazów. Przyczynek do dziejów sztuki w nowożytnym Toruniu

Vzdělání, vzdělávací příručky a školní literatura v prostředí jednoty bratrské v předbělohorském období