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ON AN UPPER GAIN BOUND FOR STRATEGIES WITH CONSTANT AND PROPORTIONAL NUMBER OF ASSETS TRADED

100%
Łochowski R.
Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych
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2013
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vol. 14
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issue 2
29-38
EN
We introduce general formulas for the upper bound of gain obtained from any finite-time trading strategy in discrete and continuous time models. We consider strategies with constant number of assets traded and strategies with proportional number of assets traded. Unfortunately, the estimates obtained in the discrete case become trivial in the continuous case, hence we introduce transaction costs. This leads to the interesting estimates in terms of the so called truncated variation of the price series. We apply the obtained estimates in specific cases of financial time series.
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Modele wyceny opcji na akcje

100%
Ziętek-Kwaśniewska K.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
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2008
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vol. 36
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issue 3
117-137
EN
The increase of financial risk that has been observed for more than three decades has brought about the necessity of using new financial solutions increasing the efficiency of protection from the results of unexpected and disadvantageous events. A response to the investors’ new needs was a dynamic development of the market of derivative instruments, including options. Since investing in options, because of the financial lever, is highly risky, their pricing becomes a particularly significant issue. The article presents basic, most often applied mathematical models used for defining the value of stock call and put options. They include: the binomial model connected with the names of John Cox, Stephen Ross and Mark Rubinstein, the Black-Scholes model and the Merton model. In the case of the binomial model two approaches are presented that make it possible to assess the value of options – the one typical of the assumption concerning universal indifference to risk, and the one based on the method of option replication. According to the Black-Scholes model the price of options is the function of such factors as: the underlying price, the strike price, the time to expiration, the risk-free interest rate, and the volatility of the underlying asset. The Merton model, that is the most popular modification of the Black-Scholes formula, extends it to the case of options run for the shares of the companies constantly paying dividends.
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