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EN
The article presents two little Old Polish lyric texts. The name „kozaczek” refers both to the main character of the text and the genre. The two works: Nadobna pieśń o kozaczku duchownym (in the form of a dialogue between the soul and the body, with each stanza accompanied with two refrains) and Kozaczek duchowny na dwa chóry (a song with a dialogue structure and two lyric refrains) concern the soul’s existence in heaven and the tortures inflicted on sinners. Both texts belong to devotional lyric of eschatological themes supposed to edify a multitude of the faithful. In its melic aspect and subject matter the kozaczek alluded to folk tradition.
EN
The article shows the attitude the Cossacks presented on two Kiev synods in 1628 and 1629. Their strong position during the Synod of Kiev in 1628 led Meleciusz Smotrycki to give up his efforts not only to reconcile the Orthodox and Orthodox priests, but above all to persuade the latter to accept union. The Cossacks, opposing the presence of the followers of the Orthodox Church at the synod of Lwów, undoubtedly expressed their uncompromising stance on the issue of the Uniate-Orthodox reconciliation. The attitude of the Cossacks at the synods of Kiev in 1628–1629 also provides us with another argument for her independent actions in the religious field, which should be treated as a clear testimony of the importance of matters of faith in her activities. Just like during the Kiev events from the beginning of 1625, the Cossacks’ activity was at odds with the attitude of the then authorities of the Orthodox Church, which undoubtedly were both Job Borecki and Piotr Mohyła. The undeniable fact of the Zaporozhians’ influence on the change of their initially positive attitude towards the idea of re-entering the union with the Uniate Church, makes them increasingly self-supporting in defending the rights, privileges and, above all, the sovereignty of the Orthodox Church regardless of the weaknesses of its spiritual leaders.
EN
The article concerns the period of the so-called “golden peace” in Ukraine in the years 1638-1648. The author attempted to analyze the nobility’s interest in the Cossack problem during the indicated period. He tried to respond to a question to what extent the noble elite perceived the problem of the Cossacks and what was the most important thing in noblemen’s statements. Analyzing the parliamentary sources and correspondence, the author came to the conclusion that the main message of the leaders of public opinion was to put a curb on the Cossacks and to loosen it by turns. This position was due to downplaying the problems that were growing in Ukraine.
EN
This paper focuses mostly on the religious aspects of the Cossacks’ uprisings in the first half of 17th century (mainly the 1625, 1630, 1637 and 1638 uprisings), and discusses their impact on the origins, the course and following peace negotiations as well. The paper is based mostly on Cossack primary sources like manifestos, proclamations issued by the leaders, together with the directions which were to be followed during the peace talks, and the not Cossack sources as well. They prove how the religious aspects, namely the appeals to defend the persecuted orthodox confession, contributed to the character of the developments. Another question was, to what extent the religious engagement of the Cossacks uprisings at that time was caused by a sincere concern for the Orthodox Church situation, or perhaps there were other reasons, not having much in common with the faith. The analysis discusses also the Cossack delegates’ actions and policy on the Commonwealth Sejm in the years 1631–33, during which they firmly demanded restoration of the status the Orthodox Church had before 1596.
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