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EN
Economies of scale in household consumption generally occur as a result of joint consumption of public goods. In order to analyze this phenomenon expenditure shares on housing, which can be treated as a representative of the public good, and expenditure shares on food representing private goods are examined. The data used in this study come from the Eurostat database and cover the period between 2004 and 2012. Estimation of panel data models reveals that a large drop in food shares in post-communist countries was mainly due to rising household incomes. It is also found that an increase in housing shares was affected by the rising price of housing relative to other consumer prices in the EU-countries. Reducing differences in the considered components of expenditure structures make use in EU common equivalence scale in 2012 more reasonable than in 2004.
EN
The article presents analysis of determinants of milk production profit margin on dairy farms. The research focuses on farms in the EU Member States and is based on statistical data coming from the European Commission’s Dairy Farm Reports for 2007-2013. Milk production margin was analysed on the basis of detailed accounts of income and expenses that allowed to conduct multifaceted evaluation of farms’ ability to generate income from milk production measured by gross and net margin. Furthermore, the panel data regressions models were applied in order to identify intensity and direction of chosen technological and economic, price and cost characteristics’ influence on milk production margin. The size of forage area, herd size, cows’ milk yield, milk prices and energy and salary costs should be considered, in the light of panel regression parameters, as most influential factors.
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę uwarunkowań rentowności produkcji gospodarstw rolnych wyspecjalizowanych w produkcji mleka. Badania przeprowadzono w układzie krajów Unii Europejskiej za lata 2007-2013 na podstawie cyklicznych danych publikowanych przez Komisję Europejską w raportach EU Dairy Farm Report. Rentowność produkcji mleka analizowano na podstawie szczegółowego rachunku przychodów i kosztów, który umożliwia wielowymiarową ocenę zdolności gospodarstw do generowania zysków z produkcji mleka mierzoną rentownością brutto i netto. Ponadto w celu identyfikacji siły i kierunku wpływu wybranych charakterystyk techniczno- -ekonomicznych, cenowych oraz kosztowych na rentowność produkcji mleka zastosowano metody regresji panelowej. W świetle parametrów regresji panelowej na zmienność rentowności produkcji mleka najsilniej wpływały: wielkość powierzchni paszowej, wielkość stad, wydajność mleczna krów, ceny mleka oraz koszty energii i koszty wynagrodzeń.
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