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EN
The book in the Congregation of St. Basil in 17th and 18th centuries has constituted a bridge between the cultures of Eastern and Western Europe. It has participated in the successes and failures of the order, it joined the two worlds of Christian spiritual culture – the Roman Catholic Church and the Easter Orthodox Church. The Basilians had their facilities on the eastern lands of the Polish Republic, were acting in accordance to the rule of st. Basil the Great and the religious constitutions, were the formation of monks, but their activities qualified them for clerical orders. They have led extensive pastoral activities, charity, led elementary schools, philosophical and theological high schools and colleges, printed and published books in Latin, Polish, Church Slavonic stamped in Cyrillic, translated foreign works, they were engaged in religious and secular writing, mostly historical. They issued more than 1,400 prints, which were printed in their own six typographic publishing houses. The Basilian Fathers were gathering and maintaining their own monastic libraries, whose number was equal to the number of their religious institutions. It was an order of well-educated people, many of them studied abroad, mainly in Italy, spoke foreign languages, travelled across the Europe, were respected preachers and confessors, regarded teachers and writers – what is confirmed by Polish, Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian bibliographies. They were significant monastic force in education and printing right behind the Jesuits and Piarists, they undertook competition with other Latin convents in different forms of activity. Destroyed by the tsarist ukase during the Russian annexation, they were reborn during the Austrian occupation after reform in 1882, they are still active in Poland.
PL
W swojej pierwszej części artykuł próbuje śledzić rozwój wielokulturowej struktury I Rzeczpospolitej do narodowo-religijnie ściśle określonej definicji ,polskości‘ w czasach rozbiorów. Wychodząc z tych historycznych uwarunkowań, rozważa się konflikty, do których prowadzą różne perspektywy wspomnień o niemieckich zbrodniach podczas II Wojny Światowej. Ponieważ polska romantyczna konstrukcja tożsamości przede wszystkim cechowała się silnym religijnym ładunkiem, w następnej części artykuł traktuje o różnicach w rozumieniu mesjanizmu w religii żydowskiej i chrześcijańskiej. Na końcu zebrane zostały pewne aspekty współczesnego odradzania się wspomnień o kulturze żydowskiej w Polsce.  
EN
In its first part the article tries to describe the process leading from the multiethnic structure of the First Republic of Poland to the definition of ,polishness‘ in terms of national and religious identity in the period of the partitions of Poland. On this historical background an analysis is provided to elucidate the conflicts in which several perspectives of memory concerning the German crimes during World War II come to expression. As the Polish romantic concept of identity is characterized by religious contents, the following part deals with the differences in the understanding of Messianic idea in Christianity and Judaism. The article closes with an overview of some aspects of the recent revival of memory about the Jewish culture in Poland.
DE
In seinem ersten Teil versucht der Artikel, die Entwicklung nachzuvollziehen von der multiethnischen Struktur der Ersten Rzeczpospolita hin zu einer national wie religiös fest umrissenen Definition des ,Polentums‘ in der Zeit der Teilungen. Auf diesen historischen Grundlagen werden die Konflikte erörtert, zu denen die verschiedenen Perspektiven der Erinnerung an die deutschen Verbrechen des Zweiten Weltkrieges immer wieder führen. Da das polnische Identitätskonstrukt der Romantik maßgeblich von religiösen Überhöhungen geprägt ist, schließt sich eine Betrachtung an über die Unterschiede im Verständnis des Messianismus im Judentum und im Christentum. Zum Schluss versammelt der Beitrag einige Aspekte der gegenwärtigen Wiederbelebung der Erinnerung an die jüdische Kultur in Polen.
EN
In the sixteenth century the three terms “law”, “liberty” and “respublica” became intertwined in a broader conception of a well-ordered political community, civitas libera, which was seen as the only guarantee of liberty and the public good. For the authors who belong to the tradition of classical republicanism, one of the central questions concerned the nature of the conditions that need to be fulfilled in order to meet the requirements of civil liberty and political obligation. Unlike modern political philosophers who have introduced the language of rights, they understood civil freedom as being one of the benefits derived from living under a well-ordered government – res publica for the attainment of which virtue was of crucial importance. This article focuses on the Polish republican discourse of the sixteenth century that was preoccupied with these questions.
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