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Między Rzeczpospolitą a Moskwą – Dyneburg i Inflanty Polskie w latach 1665–1667

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Bobiatyński K.

Zapiski Historyczne

2011

vol. 76

issue 3

37-55

The article discusses military and diplomatic aspects of the fight conducted between Poland and Muscovy for Daugavpils and the so-called Polish Livonia in the final stage of the great war from the years 1654-1667 (in the years 1665-1667). It was the last stage of the battle for the south-eastern part of Livonia, conducted from 1654 between the Rzeczpospolita, Muscovy and Sweden. In July 1655 Daugavpils and Latgalia were conquered by the Swedish army; after the outbreak of the Russian-Swedish war, in July 1656 the territory was taken over by the army of Tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich. In 1661 the Swedes renounced their claims to this part of Livonia on the power of the Peace of Kardis. Having started the attack in the eastern front in 1660 for a very long time the Grand Duchy of Lithuania did not have enough power to regain the territory. That is why until 1665 badly trained and undisciplined voluntary units took part in the battle of Daugava. They were not capable of taking over Daugavpils, but they hindered communication and disorganized the life of the garrison. It was not until September 1665 that the attack of I. Chowański was driven back and Lithuania Field Hetman Michał Kazimierz Pac started the blockade of Daugavpils with 3000-4000 soldiers. It was successful and it would have led to the capitulation of the garrison had it not been for a complicated internal situation in Lithuania and the necessity to draw the Lithuanian army back to the Crown to fight with the Lubomirski Rebellion ( the Rokosz) in 1666. On 28 March 1666 I. Chowański managed to break the ring of the siege and to force the Lithuanian units to go back to the southern bank of Daugava. Although the Lithuanians stayed there until the beginning of June, they did not constitute any threat to the garrison of Daugavpils. The article also presents the policy of the Curlandish duke Jacob Kettler in this period and his attempts to maintain neutrality in the conflict between the Rzeczpospolita and Muscovy. His policy made it more di cult for the Lithuanian army to regain Livonia. The problem of Latgalia was not solved until the last stage of the peace negotiations in Andrusovo. The Muscovites did not want to agree to give back the territory, which constituted one of the major obstacles to finish the negotiations. It was not until 7 January 1667 that the tsar’s commissaries declared to give back Daugavpils, which was taken over by the Lithuanians in March 1667. Until the partition of the Rzeczpospolita in 1771 the city remained within the boundaries of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an important stronghold on the northern frontier and the administrative centre of Latgalia

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1 Zapiski Historyczne

1 Bobiatyński K.

1 2011

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Między Rzeczpospolitą a Moskwą – Dyneburg i Inflanty Polskie w latach 1665–1667