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Anti-National Population Policy in the Ukrainian SSR during the 1960s–1970s: The Titular Nation of Ukraine as an Example

100%

Kindrachuk N. M.

Historia i Polityka

2015

issue 14(21)

33-41

The article studies the anti-national population policy of the USSR taking as the example the titular nation of Ukraine during the 1960s –1970s. The author investigates inner republican effects of migration (increasing the number of mixed marriages and the displacement of the Ukrainian language by Russian) and studies official statistics – Union censuses in 1959, 1970, and 1979 which allow a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the Ukrainians and territorial distribution in different regions of the republic. The author has found that in the outlined period the USSR government always created anti-Ukrainian background at all levels, which formed a widespread anti-national population policy of Russification and assimilation of the Ukrainians; there was an artificial formation of national-ethnic structure of the Ukrainian SSR and forcing international convergence to create a “single Soviet people”. Any statement or reference to Ukrainian national problems was regarded as a ground for harassment and persecution by the Soviet authorities and accusation of “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism”. It has been proved that Ukrainians were the dominant nation almost throughout the USSR in the outlined period. The number of Ukrainians increased exclusively trough natural population growth, while the number of representatives of the Russian nation increased as a result of internal migration. The article presents the idea that Ukraine was one of the centers of accumulation of immigration flows in the Soviet Union, and because of this fact the multicultural Ukrainian SSR society, which basically constituted of Ukrainians, gradually turned into a bi-national society, where the Ukrainian majority coexisted with the continuously growing Russian minority. Resettlements were carried out primarily for political reasons and their aim was to deprive the native people of their national characteristics – language, culture, and the like. Demographic, economic, and social processes that were spread under the slogan of “internationalist aid” substantially changed the proportion of native and settled populations in some regions.

Ukraińcy w województwie gdańskim w latach 1956–1970 w świetle archiwaliów aparatu bezpieczeństwa PRL

80%

Słabig A.

Zapiski Historyczne

2011

vol. 76

issue 3

57-99

In the years 1956–1970 in Gdansk voivodeship there probably lived over 6,000 people of Ukrainian origin. They were displaced persons who had been deported there in the “Akcja Wisła” campaign (1947) from Lublin and Rzeszów voivodeships. Representatives of the old immigration connected with the former Free City of Gdańsk constituted only a small percentage of the Ukrainians. The authorities attempted to assimilate the Ukrainians totally through making it impossible for them to return to their former places of residence, supporting them financially, and satisfying their basic cultural, educational and religious needs. For this purpose they established the Ukrainian Social-Cultural Society (UTSK), which in practice was the only legal organization for the Ukrainian minority in Poland, apart from a number of quasi-official Greek Catholic pastoral units. The abovementioned organizations were strictly controlled to prevent spreading nationalistic ideas which collided with the policy of the authorities. If it was necessary, people suspected of subversive action were eliminated from public life. The units of the state administration (the Social-Administrative Department and the Department for Denominational Affairs of Presidium of Voivodeship People’s Council) and the political secret police (from the end of 1956 known as Służba Bezpieczeństwa – Security Service) cooperated to control the Ukrainian community. The dynamics of their activity depended on the personnel conditions, the political situation in Poland and the performance of the Ukrainians. The official control of the Ukrainians and other ethnic minorities was a permanent phenomenon and goes beyond the scope of this article. The security office closely watched activists of the Ukrainian Social-Cultural Society (UTSK), Greek Catholic priests, former members of the underground movement and people maintaining contacts with their relatives in the Soviet Union and in the West. Once it had been decided that their activity exceeded acceptable limits, various coercive measures were employed from the so-called preventivewarning talks down to imprisonment. It created the impression of the Security Service’s ‘omnipresence’ and ‘omniscience’, which strengthened the feeling of distrust of Poles. That is why the Ukrainian minority in the People’s Republic of Poland was given the name of the community ‘under close surveillance’.

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Anti-National Population Policy in the Ukrainian SSR during the 1960s–1970s: The Titular Nation of Ukraine as an Example

Ukraińcy w województwie gdańskim w latach 1956–1970 w świetle archiwaliów aparatu bezpieczeństwa PRL