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Český historický ústav v Římě v letech 2015-2022

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EN
The outline of the development and activities of the Czech Historical Institute in Rome in the period 2015–2022 builds on the previous analysis concerning the years 2008–2014 (ČČH / The Czech Historical Review 113, 2015, pp. 244–276). It deals with the major positive changes in the infrastructure of the Institute, housed in the Czech Pontifical College Nepomucenum, which took place during the reconstruction of this Neo-Renaissance building, and the problems brought about by the closure of research institutions in Italy during the Covid-19 pandemic. The article presents an analysis and evaluation of the basic spheres of research activity of the Institute and its fellows: lectures, conferences and presentations, publication of the Institute‘s periodical (Bollettino dell’Istituto Storico Ceco di Roma), book series (Biblioteca dell’Istituto Storico Ceco di Roma, Acta Romana Bohemica) and critical editions of archival sources and catalogues of manuscripts (also a newly established series Codices manuscripti Bohemici bibliothecarum Vaticanarum et Italicarum). It provides detailed commentary on monographs and selected studies on ecclesiastical, political, economic and cultural history with topics ranging from the late Middle Ages to the 20th century. It highlights the most important results of the Institute‘s work in the past eight years: (1) the Institute has intensified and accelerated the publication of a major international edition of early modern sources Epistulae et acta nuntiorum apostolicorum apud imperatorem; (2) a team of eight Institute‘s fellows has produced a synthesis of the history of relations between the papal curia and the Czech lands from the early Middle Ages to the threshold of the 21st century (The Papacy and the Czech Lands. A History of Mutual Relations, 2016); (3) some scholars have successfully mastered big topics of general history, especially history of the 16th and 17th centuries.
PL
Współpraca przedstawicieli pionów wyznaniowych administracji rządowej PRL i CSRS miała na celu wymianę informacji, doświadczeń oraz konsultację w kwestiach wyznaniowych. Jedną z jej form były wspólne spotkania i narady. Inicjatorem tych konsultacji była strona czechosłowacka, zabiegała o nie przez kilka lat. Pierwsze z nich – sondażowe – odbyło się w 1957 r. Do tego czasu nie było zgody na takie konsultacje wyższych czynników partyjnych i rządowych PRL. Podejmując współpracę, obie strony ustaliły jej istotę i cel. Były to spotkania prowadzone na „odpowiednim szczeblu” z określonym składem uczestników, mających stosowne upoważnienia od swoich zwierzchników. Tematyka rozmów była uzgadniana wcześniej, ich wyniki zaś miały charakter ustaleń, przedstawianych następnie do akceptacji kierownictwa partyjno-rządowego PRL i CSRS. Obie strony dzieliły się doświadczeniem w planowaniu i realizacji działań wobec Kościołów, a szczególnie Kościoła katolickiego, oraz informowały się wzajemnie o bieżących poczynaniach w polityce wyznaniowej. Wymieniały się dokumentami i materiałami na ten temat. Niniejszy artykuł przestawia również tematykę poruszaną podczas tych spotkań oraz ukazuje zakres wiedzy, jaką posiadali urzędnicy wyznaniowi PRL i CSRS, zwłaszcza w kwestii Kościoła katolickiego. Jaki był efekt tej współpracy w polityce wyznaniowej, to postulat dalszych badań.
EN
The objective of cooperation between the representatives of religious divisions of the government administration of the Polish People’s Republic (PPR) and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSR) was the exchange of information and experiences, and consultation on religious issues. One of its forms were joint meetings and consultation. The initiator of this consultation was the Czechoslovak side which was striving for it for a few years. The first one – sounding – took place in 1957. Until then, there was no consent to such consultation of higher party and government circles of the PPR. Both sides undertaking cooperation agreed on its essence and purpose. These were meetings at the “right level” with a specific composition of participants, with appropriate authorisations from their superiors. The subject of the talks was agreed in advance, and their results were in the nature of findings, then presented for acceptance to the party and government leadership of the PPR and the CSR. Both sides shared their experience in planning and implementing measures towards the Churches, especially the Catholic Church, and informed each other about current activity in religious policy. They exchanged documents and materials on the subject. This article also presents the subject matter discussed during these meetings and shows the scope of knowledge of religious officials of the PPR and the CSR, especially in the matter of the Catholic Church. The effect of this cooperation in religious policy is the postulate of further research.
EN
From the early 1960s to the end of the existence of the Eastern Bloc, the socialist countries began cooperation on a religious policy. As a result, officials from the countries of the Eastern Bloc who dealt with religious matters held meetings to discuss the issues mentioned above. The meetings provided a great opportunity for the exchange of information, experience and coordination, and for the harmonization of the main trends in the activity of these countries; as well as assistance in creating religious organizational structures aimed at implementing a religious policy which would be in line with the communist doctrine. In addition, they met to discuss the course of action towards the Vatican, and to designate the representatives of Churches, religious associations and organizations from the Eastern Bloc for international religious organizations such as the Berlin Conference of European Catholics, the Christian Peace Conference and the World Council of Churches. These meetings were also an occasion for discussing major problems of a religious policy, with particular emphasis on the analysis of political goals and the tactics of the most important Churches and religious organizations. Officials dealing with religious matters informed the other members of the conference about major problems in the relations between the church and state in their countries. These meetings contributed to deepening cooperation between socialist countries on a religious policy. These consultations were held due to the necessity of mutual cooperation on the issues relating to the Church and politics, especially from the 1960s onwards, when the Vatican changed its policy towards the Eastern Bloc and when other Churches became more active.
PL
Państwa socjalistyczne od początku lat 60 do końca istnienia bloku wschodniego, podjęły współpracę w kwestiach dotyczących polityki wyznaniowej. Wyrazem tej współpracy były organizowane wspólne narady urzędników wyznaniowych z krajów bloku wschodniego. Stanowiły płaszczyznę wymiany informacji, doświadczeń, koordynacji i zharmonizowania głównych kierunkowych działań oraz pomoc w tworzeniu wyznaniowych struktur organizacyjnych ukierunkowywanych na realizację polityki zgodnej z doktryną komunistyczną, wspólne uzgadnianie przedstawicieli Kościołów, związków wyznaniowych i organizacji wyznaniowych z bloku wschodniego do władz w międzynarodowych organizacjach religijnych, jak np.: Berlińska Konferencja Katolików Europy i Chrześcijańska Konferencja Pokojowa, Światowa Rada Kościołów, a także omawianie i ustalanie wspólnej linii postępowania wobec Watykanu. Na tych naradach omawiano zasadnicze problemy polityki wyznaniowej, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem analizy celów politycznych i taktyki działania najważniejszych Kościołów i organizacji wyznaniowych. Urzędnicy wyznaniowi poszczególnych krajów informowali pozostałych uczestników konferencji o zasadniczych problemach sytuacji w dziedzinie stosunków państwo-kościół u siebie. Spotkanie te przyczyniły się do pogłębienia współpracy pomiędzy krajami socjalistycznymi w dziedzinie polityki wyznaniowej. Wynikały ona z potrzeby wzajemnej współpracy w dziedzinie kościelno-politycznej, szczególnie od lat 60 XX wieku, gdy nastąpiła zmiana polityki Watykanu wobec bloku wschodniego oraz zwiększonej aktywności innych Kościołów.  
RU
Во второй декаде XVIII в. в европейских дипломатических кругах возник амбициозный проект по заключению династического альянса между российским и испанским правящими домами. В публикуемом исследовании на основании архивных источников реконструируются этапы и детали этого транснационального проекта. Автор уточняет цели инициаторов и роль посредников, один из которых прибыл с тайным поручением ко двору Петра Первого из Варшавы.
EN
In the second decade of the XVIII century in European diplomatic circles an ambitious project of a dynastic alliance between the Russian and Spanish ruling houses came into existence. The study based on archival sources, reconstructs the stages and details of this transnational project. The author clarifies the purpose of the initiators and the role of intermediaries, one of whom came with a secret mission to the court of Peter the Great from Warsaw.
EN
The aim of the article is to investigate the Roman correspondence by Cyprian Norwid. As far as this author is concerned the term: Roman correspondence can imply some different issues, like the letters written during Norwid’s four visits to the Eternal City within the space of the years 1844-1849, some later correspondence referring to Rome and expressing the author’s longing for this place, letters to the members of the Congregation of the Resurrection in Rome etc. There is also a category of correspondence in which Norwid poses as an ancient Roman using some Latin words or structures typical of Roman correspondence: such words as: Vale, Latin forms of expressing the date and place (ex. Lutetiae Parisiorum) or initial formulae including the greeting and the names of the addresser and addressee. There are also very interesting letters in which Norwid exactly identifies himself with Ovidius. Such Norwid’s letters connected with the ancient Rome is the main subject of this article. Most of them Norwid wrote in 1860s, when he most probably began to write letters with the mentioned elements. These letters result from some Norwid’s special sense of Roman identity, which is emphasised by the expression: Civis Romanus that Norwid used with regard to himself in some of these letters. The article analyses the way in which Norwid understood his “Roman identity” and why he was defining himself as a “Roman citizen”. The general conclusion is that such references in Norwid’s letters are connected with his sense of many-sided alienation. They are considerably different from the ,,Roman letters” written by Norwid, co-creating the romantic Rome of artists, in the years 1844-1849.
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Rzymskie korespondencje Norwida

71%
EN
The aim of the article is to investigate the Roman correspondence by Cyprian Norwid. As far as this author is concerned the term: Roman correspondence can imply some different issues, like the letters written during Norwid’s four visits to the Eternal City within the space of the years 1844-1849, some later correspondence referring to Rome and expressing the author’s longing for this place, letters to the members of the Congregation of the Resurrection in Rome etc. There is also a category of correspondence in which Norwid poses as an ancient Roman using some Latin words or structures typical of Roman correspondence: such words as: Vale, Latin forms of expressing the date and place (ex. Lutetiae Parisiorum) or initial formulae including the greeting and the names of the addresser and addressee. There are also very interesting letters in which Norwid exactly identifies himself with Ovidius. Such Norwid’s letters connected with the ancient Rome is the main subject of this article. Most of them Norwid wrote in 1860s, when he most probably began to write letters with the mentioned elements. These letters result from some Norwid’s special sense of Roman identity, which is emphasised by the expression: Civis Romanus that Norwid used with regard to himself in some of these letters. The article analyses the way in which Norwid understood his “Roman identity” and why he was defining himself as a “Roman citizen”. The general conclusion is that such references in Norwid’s letters are connected with his sense of many-sided alienation. They are considerably different from the ,,Roman letters” written by Norwid, co-creating the romantic Rome of artists, in the years 1844-1849.
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