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The Dissolution of the Monasteries and its Impact on Education in Tudor Times

100%
Smoluk M.
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal
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2012
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vol. 14
109-120
EN
In 1536 the English Parliament under pressure from Henry VIII and the Lord Chancellor, Thomas Cromwell, gave its consent for the dissolution of the lesser monasteries and abbeys in the king’s realm, and three years later with the sanction of MPs some of the greater religious houses also suffered the same fate. The principal aim of this paper is to assess the importance of this political decision with a view to examining the progress being made in the field of education in England in the middle of the sixteenth century resultant upon this dissolution. The evaluation of the merits and demerits originating from the suppression of the English monasteries is made in terms of both primary and academic education. The answers to these key questions are preceded by a short analysis of the reputation monasteries and abbeys had acquired by that time. Also on a selective basis, some opinions have been presented here to provide an overall picture of the standing of the monks and nuns and their concomitant activities, as perceived through the eyes of English society; the eminent scholars and humanists in particular. Subsequently, before assessing the consequences resulting from the dissolution of the religious houses in England, some consideration is given to the reasoning and rationale which lay behind both Henry VIII and his Lord Chancellor’s political decisions.
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Confiscation or Sequestration of Monastic Properties in the Kingdom of Poland in 1864?

51%
Uruszczak W.
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
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2016
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vol. 25
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issue 3
EN
After the fall of the January Uprising (1863/1864), the Tsarist government abolished the last elements of political and administrative autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland, transforming it into the Vistula Land. Insurgents and their families as well as the Catholic Church, as a major mainstay of Polishness, were most affected by the Tsarist repressions. One of the major points of these anti-Church repressions conducted by the Tsarist government was the dissolution and reorganization of monasteries carried out under the ukase issued by Tsar Alexander II on October 27/November 8, 1864. The dissolution of the monastery entailed the occupation of the whole monastic property. The monastery church was turned over to the nearest parish administration as a parish or rectorial church. Land and other properties were transferred to the management of the State Treasury. In historical literature, the question of secularization of the properties which belonged to the abolished and closed monasteries in 1864 is neither clear-cut nor free from doubts. Was it really about taking over monastic goods by the State Treasury?In the article, the author proves that the Tsar’s ukase of 1864 did not claim the state-owned property towards the occupied monastic land. The land remained the property of the Church, staying under indefinite State Treasury management (the so-called sequestration). The question arises, however, as to which ecclesiastical legal person that property belonged to, since the current holder of property law, namely the monastery was disbanded. The answer to this question can be found in the Ukase which states that the property is under “diocesan sovereignty”, namely the bishop or archbishop relevant for the particular monastery’s location. It also remained in line with the regulations of canon law of the Catholic Church. The principle of canon law has been and still is that in case of the liquidation of an ecclesiastical moral (legal) person, its assets automatically, by virtue of law, become the property of the legal (directly superior) person. This principle was established by a canon 1501 of the Code of Canon Law of 1917, whose regulation was a repetition of the principles of the Corpus Juris Canonici which was used in the 19th century. Tsar of Russia and his officials were obliged to respect the norms of canon law of the Catholic Church in the Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland) under the Concordat of August 3, 1847 concluded between Tsar Nicholas I and Pope Pius IX. In case of the liquidation of the monastery under the Ukase of 1864 with simultaneous taking over the monastic properties by the State management, they did not become no one’s property. Under canon law, this property was automatically transferred to the ecclesiastical, legal (directly superior) person.
PL
Po pokonaniu zrywu niepodległościowego Polaków, jakim było powstanie styczniowe 1863/1864 r., rząd carski zlikwidował pozostałości odrębności ustrojowo-administracyjnej Królestwa Polskiego, przekształcając je w rosyjski Kraj Przywiślański. Represje dotknęły w największym stopniu uczestników powstania i ich rodziny oraz Kościół katolicki jako główną ostoję polskości. Jednym z ważniejszych punktów tych antykościelnych represji podjętych przez rząd carski była kasata i reorganizacja klasztorów dokonana na mocy ukazu wydanego przez cara Aleksandra II w dniu 27 października/8 listopada 1864 r. Kasata klasztoru pociągała za sobą zajęcie całego mienia klasztornego. Kościół klasztorny oddawano do administracji najbliższej parafii jako kościół parafialny lub rektoralny. Grunty i nieruchomości innego rodzaju przekazano w zarząd i zawiadywanie Skarbu Państwa. Sprawa sekularyzacji nieruchomości należących do zniesionych i zamkniętych klasztorów w 1864 r. nie jest przedstawiona w literaturze historycznej w sposób jednoznaczny i wolny od wątpliwości. Czy rzeczywiście chodziło tutaj o przejęcie dóbr klasztornych na własność Skarbu Państwa?W artykule autor dowodzi, że ukaz carski z 1864 r. nie ustanawiał własności Skarbu Państwa w stosunku do zajętych gruntów klasztornych. Grunt ten pozostawał własnością kościelną, pozostając w bezterminowym zarządzie (tzw. sekwestrze) Skarbu Państwa. Rodzi się jednak pytanie, do jakiej kościelnej osoby prawnej należała ta własność, skoro dotychczasowy podmiot prawa własności (czyli klasztor) został skasowany. Odpowiedź na to udziela sam ukaz, z którego treści wynika implicite, że własność ta przypadła „zwierzchności diecezjalnej”, czyli biskupowi lub arcybiskupowi właściwemu ze względu na położenie danego klasztoru. Pozostawało to także w zgodzie z przepisami prawa kanonicznego Kościoła katolickiego. Zasadą prawa kanonicznego było i jest w dalszym ciągu, że w przypadku likwidacji kościelnej osoby moralnej (prawnej) jej majątek automatycznie z mocy prawa przechodzi na własność osoby prawnej bezpośrednio wyższej. Regułę tę stanowił kanon 1501 Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego z 1917 r., którego przepis stanowił powtórzenie zasad zawartych w obowiązującym w XIX w. Corpus Iuris Canonici. Do respektowania przepisów prawa kanonicznego Kościoła katolickiego na terenie Królestwa Polskiego (kongresowego) zobowiązywał cara Rosji i jego urzędników konkordat z dnia 3 sierpnia 1847 r. zawarty przez cara Mikołaja I z papieżem Piusem IX. W przypadku likwidacji klasztoru na mocy ukazu z 1864 r., z jednoczesnym objęciem w zarząd państwowy należących do niego nieruchomości, nie stawały się one własnością niczyją. Na mocy prawa kanonicznego własność ta automatycznie przechodziła na rzecz kościelnej osoby prawnej bezpośrednio wyższej.
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Księgozbiory klasztorów franciszkańskich w Prusach Zachodnich w okresie ich kastaty

51%
Zawadzki W.
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
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2019
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vol. 112
465-479
EN
At the turn of the 19th century, the Prussian state began the dissolution of the religious houses, including in West Prussia. Of the 28 monasteries existing in this area before the dissolution, 15 were part of the Franciscan religious family: six Bernardine monasteries (Kadyny, Lubawa, Nowe, Świecie, Toruń, Zamarte), six monasteries of the Reformed Franciscans (Brodnica, Dzierzgoń, Gdańsk Chełm, Grudziądz, Łąki Bratiańskie, Wejherowo), two monasteries of the Conventual Franciscans (Chełmno, Chełmża), and one monastery of the Capuchins (Rywałd). After 1840 only two monasteries survived, in Wejherowo and Łąki Bratiańskie near Nowe Miasto Lubawskie. During the dissolution of the monasteries, the monastic book collections and archives were secured and translocated by Prussian officials. Using the surviving archival material, the author presents the holdings of the individual monastic libraries and their history.
PL
Wśród zachodniopruskich klasztorów męskich w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku najliczniejszą grupę stanowiły placówki franciszkańskie (bernardyni - Kadyny, Lubawa, Nowe, Świecie, Toruń, Zamarte; reformaci - Brodnica, Dzierzgoń, Gdańsk Chełm, Grudziądz, Łąki Bratiańskie, Wejherowo; franciszkanie konwentualni - Chełmno, Chełmża; kapucyni – Rywałd). Po przeprowadzonych przez państwo pruskie kasatach ocalały tylko dwie placówki franciszkańskie, w Wejherowie i Łąkach Bratiańskich koło Nowego Miasta Lubawskiego. Konsekwencją zamykania domów zakonnych była dekompozycja, translokacja lub zniszczenie klasztornych księgozbiorów. Odnaleziono dotąd 7 archiwalnych katalogów bibliotek franciszkańskich z terenu Prus Zachodnich, które umożliwiają częściową identyfikację zakonnych zasobów bibliotecznych.
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Próba reorganizacji siatki parafii rzymskokatolickich w Lublinie w latach 1864-1866

45%
Rożek J.
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
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2016
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vol. 106
193-218
EN
The Church performs its task of leading people to salvation, among others, through organizing chaplaincy in parishes. It means that parishes are extremely important centres of each diocese and the community of the faithful. It was the same in Lublin in the 1960s. Due to the fact that there were only two parishes in the city, the pastoral work of diocesan priests was also supported by religious orders. However, the tsarist government, in November 1864, dissolved most of the monasteries in the Kingdom of Poland, which caused difficulties in providing appropriate pastoral care. Therefore, at the end of 1864, the then administrator of the Diocese of Lublin Rev. Kazimierz Sosnowski made an attempt to reorganize a parish life in Lublin in order to satisfy religious needs of the faithful and fill the gap left by the dissolved monasteries. The reorganization involved creating two new parishes in the churches which had belonged to the Capuchins and Bernardines before their dissolution and transferring a parish service from St Nicholas Church to St Agnes Church, which had been in the possession of the Augustinians before the dissolution. In order to conduct this project, Rev. Sosnowski started negotiations with the Government Commission of Internal Affairs and Clergy, which finally ended in 1866. This article details the various stages of these negotiations, their causes and effects.
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Metody finansowania kościoła katolickiego w Rosji w XIX wieku. Przyczynek archiwalny

45%
Radwan M., Wodzianowska I.
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
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2015
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vol. 103
209-226
EN
The religious policy of the Russian State was inspired by two ideological trends, which were rooted in the tradition of Peter I and Catherine II - Caesaropapism and Slavophilism. Russian rulers sought to subjugate the religious denominations, and also to build a Pan-Slavic empire with the Russian language. With regard to the Catholic Church, those demands proved to be extremely valid as 60% of the lands of the Polish Republic became part of Russia after the partitions. The tsarist authorities tried to separate Catholics from the Holy See and impose gradually the Russian language and culture on them. Secular authorities wanted to gain control over church institutions - dioceses, seminaries, parishes, monasteries. To achieve that aim, the authorities established the Roman-Catholic College (1801), and subordinated it directly to the Ministry of the Interior. Both organizations exercised full control over ecclesiastical institutions. Lay prosecutors in both of those offices played a decisive role. At the command of the tsarist regime all the monastic, diocesan and parish properties were gradually taken over, in return certain salaries (1832.1843) were granted to them. On the other hand, at the initiative of Metropolitan Bishop Siestrzeńcewicz S. (1820) so-called assistance fund was created, the aim of which was to finance the special expenses - poor parishes, seminars, Theological Academy, sick and retired priests, deported bishops. Having the assistance fund at their disposal, both the Ministry of the Interior and the College misappropriated funds, often financing even anti-Church actions or well-known enemies of Polish society (K.E. Sievers). A. Kerensky’s government prepared a draft reform in this field. However, it was not implemented as it was torpedoed by the revolution of 1917.
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