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EN
The author presents the results of historical literary research on Marian Czuchnowski. Analysis of interviews and conversations with Czuchnowski show him to be a rebel and revolutionary poet. The author describes his turbulent life prior to 1939. During this time his concern for the people prompted him to call for mass gatherings in the countryside, for which he was frequently arrested. The author traces the development of his literary talent, starting with the rebellious poetry of his youth, and tracks his career through the 1930s. She discusses his cooperation with pre-World War Two publications and literary groups. She presents the wartime experiences of Czuchnowski, who left literary traces of his journey through Russian forced labour camps, Iran, Palestine and Egypt, to London. The author also examines the poet’s works to analyse his London period – initially filled with success, but becoming harder with time. The writer’s bibliography constitutes a valuable addition to the text.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2013
|
vol. 78
|
issue 4
119-143
EN
The Polish Society of Maritime Navigation “Sarmacja” S.A. in Warsaw was the first successful Polish shipping company in the Second Rzeczpospolita. The company was set up in 1919 when the former captain of the Austrian navy Bogumił Nowotny and representatives of the Bank of Lesser Poland and the Polish Commercial Society decided to establish a maritime shipping company in Cracow. Originally, in 1920, the company had one ship the Kraków at its disposal, but a year later, during a transshipment of Norwegian herring in the harbour of Gdańsk, it undertook cooperation with a Norwegian shipowner Det Bergenske Dampskibsselskab and an English shipowner Walford Baltic Line Ltd. In 1921 both companies merged creating Bergenske & Walford Baltic Transports Line Ltd., thanks to which their cooperation with “Sarmacja” became even stronger. After the collapse of the English-Norwegian company in May 1922, a company called Bergenske Baltic Transports Ltd. based in Gdańsk was created; it owned 45% of “Sarmacja” shares. The Norwegian party, which had a casting vote in the Polish shipping company, started to run a policy of one-sided profi ts aiming at the elimination of the Polish competitor from the mouth of the Vistula river. “Sarmacja” had only 5 obsolete ships at its disposal, which gave rise to an inconvenient situation aggravated by a lack of possibility to establish regular shipping lines. The development of the Polish company did not take place even aft er the Ministry of Treasure had exempted it from paying revenue tax, industrial tax and property tax. Unfortunately, the company was liquidated in 1929 owing to the breakdown of the ship Wisła in 1926 and the fact that the Ministry of Industry and Commerce insisted that the role of Polish representatives in the board of the company should expand.
EN
Józef Piłsudski had been an advocate of the close cooperation between Poland and Romania since the beginning of the independence. This attitude resulted from the current premises and was connected with the formation of the eastern borders of the Polish state. A substantial role in this cooperation was played by the Ukrainian issue, firstly cooperation against the West Ukrainian People’s Republic (ZUNR) and then the plans to support Petlura’s Ukraine, which was supposed to constitute a bastion protecting both countries from Russia’s expansion. This very aspect determined the conclusion of the Polish-Romanian alliance in 1921, which became the foundation of Polish foreign policy. The Marshal was a proponent of its tightening and strengthening. His journey to Romania in September 1922 was devoted to this aim. However, the changes resulted from the accession to power of the centre-right led to the removal of Piłsudski from political life and the loss of the possibility of influencing the alliance with Romania. This situation changed after the May coup and the Marshal’s return to power. He started propagating the need for the closer collaboration with Romania again. It was to serve the construction of a wider constellation of Central and Eastern European countries as a form of protecting this region against the threat posed by the Soviet Union. These activities were particularly intense in 1928. The underestimation of the danger by Romanian politicians and the deplorable state of the army made Piłsudski realize that this concept was illusory. However, he did not see another alternative to the Polish-Romanian alliance as an element allowing some leeway in Polish foreign policy towards Moscow and he was convinced of the need to maintain it. With great determination, he sought to coordinate the activities of the USSR’s limitrophes in concluding non-aggression pacts with that country. He even tried to overcome the resistance of Bucharest by diplomatic pressure. Despite the fiasco of these efforts and changes in the international situation in the early 1930’s, he was still convinced of the importance of the alliance with Romania for Poland’s international activities.
PL
Józef Piłsudski od początku niepodległego bytu Rzeczypospolitej stał się orędownikiem jej bliskiej współpracy z Rumunią. Nastawienie to wiązało się z potrzebą zabezpieczenia wschodnich granic państwa polskiego. Ten właśnie aspekt zdecydował o zawarciu przymierza polsko-rumuńskiego w 1921 roku, asekurującego Warszawę i Bukareszt przed zagrożeniem ze strony Moskwy. Uważając ten alians za jednen z fundamentów polskiej polityki zagranicznej, Marszałek był zwolennikiem jego pogłębiania i zacieśniania. Temu właśnie służyła jego podróż do Rumunii we wrześniu 1922 roku. Zmiany związane z dojściem do władzy centroprawicy spowodowały jednakże usunięcie się Piłsudskiego z życia politycznego i utratę możliwości oddziaływania na kształt aliansu z Rumunią. Sytuacja ta uległa zmianie po zamachu majowym i powrocie Marszałka do władzy. Ponownie zaczął on głosić konieczność bliskiej współpracy z Rumunią, która miała służyć budowie szerszej konstelacji państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej jako formy zabezpieczenia tego regionu przed zagrożeniem ze strony Związku Sowieckiego. Z tego też powodu Piłsudski z dużą determinacją zabiegał o koordynację działań limitrofów ZSRR w zakresie zawierania z tym państwem układów o nieagresji. Mimo fiaska tych wysiłków oraz zmian sytuacji międzynarodowej na początku lat trzydziestych nadal był przekonany o istotnym znaczeniu sojuszu z Rumunią dla polskiej polityki zagranicznej.
EN
The subject of the article is a comprehensive summary of the characteristics of a newspaper for children, Our Young Voice, published in the years 1935 – 1936 by the County Department of the Polish Teachers’ Union (Polish: Związek Nauczycielstwa Poliskiego) in Augustów. A monograph of the periodical has not yet been written, and its title hardly ever appears in the register of children’s periodicals. In order to attain that goal, an attempt has been made to answer the following questions: Who prepared the message targeted at its readers? How was this message conveyed? What was its content like? What was its graphic design like? The conducted research concluded that Our Young Voice was a juvenile periodical written by children and for children, which meant that its young readers wrote the vast majority of articles. Stories, accounts, reports, articles and poems as well as puzzles, riddles and brief answers to subscribers’ letters could all be found within the pages of the newspaper. The Augustów periodical as a whole implemented the idea of regionalism by including texts relating to the “small children’s homeland”, which meant concentrating mainly on the history of particular cities, towns and villages of the Augustów-Suwałki region, its specific terrain features and tourist assets, local customs, recently developed ventures and newly established institutions, local schools, and child and youth organisations functioning there. Our Young Voice was targeted at younger and older school children. It was also used as either the main or supplementary material during school lessons.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest pełna charakterystyka pisemka dla dzieci „Nasz Głosik” wydawanego w latach 1935-1936 przez Oddział Powiatowy Związku Nauczycielstwa Polskiego w Augustowie. Periodyk ten nie doczekał się własnej monografii, a jego tytuł niezwykle rzadko figuruje w różnych wykazach czasopiśmiennictwa dla dzieci. W celu realizacji powyższego zamierzenia dokonano próby odpowiedzenia na następujące pytania: Przez kogo przygotowywany był przekaz kierowany do czytelników? W jaki sposób był prezentowany? Jakie treści zwierał? Jaką szatę graficzną posiadało pisemko? W rezultacie przeprowadzonych badań ustalono, że „Nasz Głosik” był periodykiem dzieci i dla dzieci, co oznaczało, że autorami większości tekstów zostawali mali jego czytelnicy. Na kolejnych stronach drukowano artykuły, opowiadania, sprawozdania, relacje oraz wierszyki, a także łamigłówki i krótkie odpowiedzi na listy prenumeratorów. Augustowski periodyk w całości realizował idee regionalizmu, zamieszczając treści dotyczące „małej dziecięcej ojczyzny”, czyli koncentrujące się głównie na dziejach poszczególnych miejscowości regionu augustowsko-suwalskiego, ich walorach krajoznawczych i turystycznych, lokalnych zwyczajach, nowo powstających inwestycjach oraz instytucjach, miejscowych szkołach i działających w nich organizacjach dziecięcych i młodzieżowych. „Nasz Głosik” adresowany był do młodszych i starszych uczniów szkoły powszechnej. Wykorzystywano go również jako materiał podstawowy albo uzupełniający podczas lekcji.
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