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EN
The article discusses the issue of using religious arguments by deputies while considering bills at the sitting of the Sejm. The author critically assesses the so-called doctrine of exclusivism, which postulates a total exclusion of religious arguments from political discourse. Next, he justifies the thesis that appealing to religious reasons by deputies in the course of parliamentary work is not contrary to the constitutional principle of worldview impartiality of public authorities. Finally, based on the empirical study, he presents quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the operationalization of religious rhetoric in the legislative process in the Sejm of the 8th term. It turns out that MPs of all political groups appeal to religious arguments and they do it rather seldom. The state of affairs in which members of liberal and leftist parties themselves – identifying themselves with postulates of the exclusivist doctrine and even regarding them as a legal requirement – use religious argumentation, testifies to their political opportunism and ideological interpretation of the constitutional principle of religious impartiality of public authorities. The author postulates the avoidance of instrumental treatment of religion in the political debate.
EN
The main purpose of this article is to present the views of Václav Havel (1936–2011) in the field of law and main principles of the democratic state. Havel was critical of the legal system in Czechoslovakia in the years 1948–1989. After the Velvet Revolution, the former dissident found himself in a new role. As president of the country had become the guardian of maintance of the supreme principles of the democratic state. He also aimed at ensuring that the law was comprehensible and clear for every citizen.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie poglądów Václava Havla (1936–2011) w zakresie prawa oraz naczelnych zasad demokratycznego państwa prawa. Havel był krytyczny wobec systemu prawnego obowiązującego w Czechosłowacji w latach 1948–1989. Po Aksamitnej Rewolucji były dysydent znalazł się w nowej roli. Jako prezydent kraju stał na straży zachowania naczelnych zasad demokratycznego państwa prawa. Dążył także do tego, aby prawo było zrozumiałe i przejrzyste dla każdego obywatela.
EN
This article discusses procedural means of protecting the constitution against changes. The starting point is the general remark that the constitution should be a durable and stable act, as it is the permanency of any constitution that is its inherent feature. Nevertheless, any rational legislator of the constitutional system must allow for the possibility of changing the constitution. However, any implementation of changes ought to be carried out with caution and only if absolutely necessary. Therefore, the mode of changing the constitution must be difficult enough (in comparison to passing ordinary laws) but also accomplishable. Consequently, the procedural side of any change of the constitution must be designed so as to, on the one hand, make the procedures of amending the constitution possibly complicated, but on the other hand those procedures must be realistic and implementable. That is why nowadays we can observe a whole range of procedural solutions concerning the process of changing the constitution, e.g. provisions relatively unchanged. The prerequisite of obtaining a qualified majority in the parliament is also a common mechanism in the process of changing the constitution. Sometimes changing the constitution must be approved by two consecutive parliaments, but a more frequent solution is a referendum-based procedure.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba dokonania ekonomicznej analizy przepisów prawnych o sprzedaży konsumenckiej, a zwłaszcza dotyczących uprawnień z tytułu rękojmi, która jest immanentnie związana z umową sprzedaży. Wynika to stąd, że strony w umowach zawieranych z konsumentami nie mogą jej ograniczyć, a tym bardziej wyłączyć. Do uprawnień tych należy możliwość złożenia oświadczenia o obniżeniu ceny albo odstąpieniu od umowy bądź żądanie wymiany rzeczy na wolną od wad albo jej usunięcie. Tytułem wyrównania powstałego przy tym uszczerbku konsument może nadto dochodzić odszkodowania. Z punktu widzenia efektywności ekonomicznej warto zatem przeanalizować trafność alokacji praw i obowiązków po obu stronach, choćby pod kątem teorematu Pareto.
EN
The purpose of this article is an attempt to apply the economic analysis of the legislation on consumer sales, especially relating to the powers of Warranties, which is intrinsically linked with the sales contract. This is due to that the parties in contracts concluded with consumers, they cannot reduce it as well as discontinue it. These powers include the ability to make a statement about the price reduction or withdrawal from the agreement or claim for replacement of items for free from defects or to remove defects. To offset the resulting detriment, the consumer may claim compensation too. From the point of view of economic efficiency, should therefore analyze the accuracy of the allocation of rights and obligations on both sides, at least in terms of Pareto’s theorem.
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