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Karawaka (Caravaca Cross) and Its Synonyms, or Lexical Returns

100%
Piotrowicz-Krenc A., Witaszek-Samborska M.
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Językoznawcza
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2023
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vol. 30
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issue 1
91-119
EN
The authors, referring to the article Words That Come Back by Bogdan Walczak from 1998, present the history of the word karawaka in Polish. It is the name of the cross with two horizontal beams protecting against various disasters, especially against epidemics. Originally, it was a reliquary from the 4th century AD with a piece of the Holy Cross Tree, brought in the 13th century during the Crusades from Jerusalem to the Spanish city of Caravaca (from which its name comes). The custom of erecting such crosses and wearing these types of small crosses disappeared in the 20th century, and returned with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic. The lexeme karawaka was recorded for the first time in Samuel Bogumił Linde’s Polish Language Dictionary, and in the Polish Language Dictionary edited by Witold Doroszewski it already had the status of historicism. This word and its synonyms (krzyż karawaka, krzyż choleryczny, krzyż epidemiczny, krzyż morowy, krzyż epidemiczny, krzyż choleryczny, krzyż karawaka) returned to Polish in 2020, and the lexical novelty during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic is krzyż pandemiczny.
2
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Ciągłość i cezury w życiu wyrazów. Eksperyment warsztatowy

86%
Handke K.
Studia Językoznawcze. Synchroniczne i diachroniczne aspekty badań polszczyzny
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2012
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vol. 11
7-36
EN
The experimental study of the vitality of the vocabulary of the Polish language is based on the example of the collection of names and definitions of men and women, which are used in the works of the outstanding Polish writer - Stefan Żeromski (1864 – 1925). These words (a total of 864 words) were set against their vitality in the idiolect of the author of the article (born in the year 1932). Thereafter they were compared with the condition of the national vocabulary documented in two lexicons of the Polish language edited by W. Doroszewski (based on the canon of texts of the XIX century and the first half of the XX century) and edited by S. Dubisz (incorporating the modern language). The experiment was based on the verification of the continuity of the life of words in the idiolect of the direct witness and participant in the long-term period of the life of the vocabulary. The conclusions, which were drawn up on the basis of this study, are as follows: the permanent vitality of words (lexical and semantic) is maintained during a longer period in the live public communication, as compared to the lexicons. 56,7% of the collection of words used in Żeromski’s letters were preserved in the author’s idiolect. Besides, during a period of more than 150 years, several caesuras (turning points) in the life of specified groups of the analyzed vocabulary were observed. The most expressive caesura occurred at the end of the XX century and the beginning of the XXI century; during this period, the life of many words -- including the live language of communication -- which had been used before, discontinued. The external reasons are mainly the systemic changes, which took place after the second World War, and most recently – the civilization and cultural changes.
3
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O żywotności zapożyczeń niemieckich w gwarze miejskiej Poznania

72%
Piotrowicz A., Witaszek-Samborska M.
Gwary Dziś
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2015
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vol. 7
201-214
EN
The purpose of the article was to determine the viability of German loanwords (prototypically associated with Poznań urban dialect) in the language of the inhabitants of the city in the XXI century. The questionnaire, which is the basis to gather research material, contained three commands – one closed and two open. It covered 120 respondents in three age groups. For general conclusion emerging from the results of a questionnaire study can be considered that germanisms are still alive in the lexis of Poznań dialect. Many of germanisms of Poznań dialect are still well-known by all generations, although knowledge of this vocabulary is often only passive. Very few of the respondents admit to use it. Residents of the city are aware of the regional marked of many lexemes, and their German etymology – isolated pointed up to 112 different germanisms of Poznań dialect.The attitude of Poznań residents to German loans in their language is rather positive. They note their recessive nature of the cross-generational, although they acknowledge (regardless of age) that there are still alot of them. They are also aware of when and with what communication intention they can be used
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