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EN
This article presents some elements of the Alexandrian pre-Nicene theology, and especially Origen’s theological thought. This is not a comprehensive analysis from the perspective of patristics. The article’s aim is to present some significant methodological insights resulting from Origen’s theology. In his way of dealing with theology there are several outdated ideas related to the Hellenistic cultural context and to Platonic philosophy. Origen’s thought, however, also presents many ideas which are relevant to contemporary theological methodology: priority of Holy Scripture, christological reading of the Bible and the recognition of the holiness of Scripture which exceeds all human intellectual capacity.
EN
In contemporary humanist reflection nearly every problem is posed and interpreted on the basis of the language that is the point of departure. This co-dependence is present also in the field of theology, and perhaps it is even more significant there. The problem of the language shows the tension, or maybe even contradiction, between the conviction about inadequacy of every human language in the face of the mystery of God, and the belief that actually this language refers to God Himself. The truth about an analogous and symbolical character of the theological language is a solution to this problem. Finally the work and the person of Jesus Christ (analogia Christi) is the basis for adequacy of the language in theology.
PL
Pojęcie wolnej woli, wspierające odpowiedzialność moralną w różnych ujęciach ka- tolickiej teologii moralnej, w szczególny sposób sytuuje się na skrzyżowaniu dyscyplin teologicznych i pozateologicznych. Wczesne badania nad wolą w neuronauce poznawczej, zainspirowane eksperymentem Libeta (1983), sugerują, że wolna wola jest iluzją, ponie- waż nasze świadome intencje nie powodują odpowiadających im działań: działanie te są inicjowane wcześniej przez nieświadome procesy mózgowe. Choć wydaje się to sprzeczne z podstawowymi założeniami antropologicznymi i etycznymi, bliższe przyjrzenie się tej tezie ukazuje, że jest ona niedojrzała. Jednocześnie nowe osiągnięcia multidyscyplinarnej nauki o woli zwracają uwagę na kilka aspektów wolności i sprawczości, które mogą mieć kluczowe znaczenie dla sposobu, w jaki ludzie podejmują działania i kontrolują swoje życie. Implikacje wynikające z tych badań mogą sprowokować pewne przeformułowania po stronie etyki teologicznej. Mogą też wskazać na niektóre szkoły i tradycje, takie jak chrześcijańska etyka cnót, jako teologicznie preferowane.
EN
The issue of free will, supporting moral responsibility in various accounts of Catholic moral theology, is in a particular way situated at the crossroads of theological and non-theological disciplines. Because of its connection to philosophy, as well as to natural and empirical sciences, the topic enjoys growing interdisciplinary attention. Early studies in cognitive neuroscience of volition, inspired by the experiment of Libet (1983), suggest that free will is an illusion because our conscious intentions do not cause corresponding actions: these are initiated earlier by the unconscious brain processes. While this seems to conflict with fundamental anthropological and ethical assumptions, a closer look renders such a worry immature. The more traditional, pre-modern notion of what willing, intending and choosing actually means – and how does it relate to us having free will or not – proves largely intact by the Libet-style argumentation. At the same time, new developments within a multidisciplinary science of volition highlight several aspects of freedom and agency that could be central to the way humans produce actions and control their lives. Implications from these studies might provoke some reformulations on the side of theological ethics. They might also set forth some particular schools and traditions, such as Christian virtue ethics, as theologically preferable. All this on the condition that a kind of knowledge coming from natural sciences – which often already contains a measure of (theological) interpretation– can be seen as both relevant and integrable in theological methodology and insight. Anthropological and ethical realms strike as particularly suitable for such integration: the essential embodiment of personal agency definitely deserves more attention, also for clarifying its free and indeed moral predicate.
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