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Czy w ZSRR kręcono thrillery?

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This article is an attempt to answer the question whether, in the specific conditions in which thecinematography of the Soviet Union was created and developed, we can talk about the productionof thrillers. The notion of the thriller is considered and attention is paid to the problem of the definitionof the term itself and the fact that some researchers do not treat the thriller as a genre at all.The thriller, associated by the Soviet decision-makers with Western culture (and thus also American),was perceived as a bourgeois creation, which made it an undesirable genre in the Soviet Union.Nevertheless, for many years immediately after the end of World War II and at the very end of theexistence of the historical empire, a series of films were created and they could be called thrillers inthe general modern sense of the word. Titles of Soviet films created in the years 1947–1991 havebeen chosen from the rich resources of cinematography of our eastern neighbours. At the cinemahistorian’s workshop, there were both images of well-known and popular Soviet directors(Boris Barnet, Stanisław Goworouchin, Eldar Riazanow), as well as slightly less known personalities,(Gieorgij Nikulin, Boris Durow).
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Today the detective novel has freed itself for good from being considered as marginal literature. It is now built around three sub genres: The whodunit novel, the gritty thriller, and the suspense novel whose frontiers have progressively become more and more blurred as the authors juggle with the rules of each subgenre, melting them in a literary genre they now refuse to dissociate from the main novelistic production. The Portuguese‑speaking detective stories have followed the same evolution. We have chosen to comment upon three Portuguese speaking novels: One by Pepeleta from Angola, the second by Rubem Fonseca from Brazil and the third by Ana Teresa Pereira from Portugal, each one of them representing one of the subgenres of detective literature, so as to find out if they have common specificities peculiar to the Portuguese speaking detective stories.
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The article concerns with still not well-known part of the artistic work of Zdzisław Beksiński (a famous photographer, painter and graphic designer). In the 1960s the artist was occupied with literature as well. He wrote short prose which reflected many modern literary fashions and trends, and even anticipated some of them. In his literary works Beksiński was especially influenced by the suggestive aesthetics of the onirism, geometric architecture, and anti-Utopian novels. Sometimes, his narration refers to modern pop culture: the technique of film or the convention of comic strips; what is more, he applies the style of commercials and propaganda slogans. The artist from Sanok  also adored writing different variations of the same story which let him play with various genres and plots. But, whatever he did, it was all about the construction, the form. His literary texts record their narrator’s consciousness in a minimalist way, without any traditional literary frills. Therefore Beksiński unconsciously realized the idea postulated at the same time by Cortazar: each prose work should not be a “sum”, but rather a kind of “difference”. This prose substantially complements our knowledge of the whole art of Beksiński, a natural genius, and remains another alternative part of his creative activities.
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The article concerns with still not well-known part of the artistic work of Zdzisław Beksiński (a famous photographer, painter and graphic designer). In the 1960s the artist was occupied with literature as well. He wrote short prose which reflected many modern literary fashions and trends, and even anticipated some of them. In his literary works Beksiński was especially influenced by the suggestive aesthetics of the onirism, geometric architecture, and anti-Utopian novels. Sometimes, his narration refers to modern pop culture: the technique of film or the convention of comic strips; what is more, he applies the style of commercials and propaganda slogans. The artist from Sanok  also adored writing different variations of the same story which let him play with various genres and plots. But, whatever he did, it was all about the construction, the form. His literary texts record their narrator’s consciousness in a minimalist way, without any traditional literary frills. Therefore Beksiński unconsciously realized the idea postulated at the same time by Cortazar: each prose work should not be a “sum”, but rather a kind of “difference”. This prose substantially complements our knowledge of the whole art of Beksiński, a natural genius, and remains another alternative part of his creative activities.
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This article presents the second part of the summary of the season 2011/2012 of Polish film­making. The following films are decribed here: 80 milionów dir. Waldemar Krzystek; Big Love dir. Barbara Białowąs; Hans Kloss. Stawka większa niż śmierć dir. Patryk Vega; Imagine dir. Andrzej Jakimowski; Jesteś Bogiem dir. Leszek Dawid; Lęk wysokości dir. Bartosz Konopka; Mój rower dir. Piotr Trzaskalski; Nad życie dir. Anna Plutecka­‑Mesjasz; Obława dir. Marcin Kryształowicz; Paths of Hate dir. Damian Nenow; Pokłosie dir. Władysław Pasikowski; Róża dir. Wojciech Smarzowski; Rzeź dir. Roman Polański; Supermarket dir. Maciej Żak. The author concentrates mainly on the premieres for the second half of the year 2012. All the movies that are described in the article are presented from the perspective of how interesting they would be to a foreigner or a person who studies Polish as a foreign language.
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Thriller is considered to be a subgenre of criminal fiction, in which the most significant role is played by fast-paced action, suspense, spectacular events. In case of so called international and political thrillers it should also be mentioned that their authors construct their plots around the problems such as global conflicts, international conspiracy, terrorism, the development of nuclear weapon. However, problems commonly mentioned by many authors of other subgenres of criminal fiction, are also present in the novels classified as thrillers. The collapse of well-being society, unstable interpersonal relationships, mental problems of an individual, childhood traumas are therefore often mentioned by the writers, although they do not usually constitute main subjects of the novels. The article concentrates on some examples from international and political thrillers, in which such issues seem to be equally important, written by the most popular Finnish authors of this particular genre, namely Ilkka Remes and Taavi Soininvaara
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The article presents the Trylogia Berlińska [The Berlin Trilogy] by Magdalena Parys, a Polish writer living in Berlin. The series consists of three thrillers (Tunel, 2011; Magik, 2014; Biała Rika, 2016 [Tunnel, Magician, White Rika]) which critics have described as „political thrillers”. In the multi-threaded plots, set both in the contemporary and historical realities (World War II and the immediate post-war period), Polish émigrés, rooted in the Berlin’s metropolitan area, without complexes and pursuing their professional goals play a special role. The Poles include representatives of the middle generation - Germans of Polish descent, policemen, photographers, journalists who investigate vicious and unsolved murder cases. The confrontation of characters of Polish descent with their German peers, whose parents and grandparents live with the trauma of expulsion or of being a victim of Stasi surveillance, makes the reader think about the memory and the problem of German-Polish relations in the 21st century.
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The structural parameters for crime literature have been the subject of numerous overviews, critical essays, and recapitulations. Yet the renaissance of this literature unfolding today calls for new interpretations. To be more specific, this renaissance takes place in a climate of postmodern penchants for popular narrative and structural schemas, a blending of genre categories, and a predilection for heterogeneous discourses. This very fact should compel us to reflect on the factors contributing to the thriller’s appeal as a genre form that writers so often evoke to provide the reader with a fictional and “deep” statement on the various deficits of the contemporary world.  In Czech literature, prose writers such as Roman Ludva and Miloš Urban have taken cues from Umberto Eco and Dan Brown’s tendencies to experiment with well-worn narrative strategies, as well as their local tradition (the tales of the 19th-century neoromantic Jakub Arbes). Following suit, Ludva and Urban embed the templates of the thriller in a broadly organized interrogation of the contemporary condition of art. Simultaneously, using the strategy of “amplified” intersemiosis, they impart an autothematic dimension to their narratives.
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Reguły konstrukcyjne literatury kryminalnej doczekały się licznych opisów, opracowań i rekapitulacji. Dzisiejszy renesans tej literatury wywołuje jednak potrzebę nowych odczytań i, zwłaszcza że odbywa się w atmosferze postmodernistycznej pobłażliwości dla korzystania z popularnych schematów fabularnych i konstrukcyjnych, mieszania kategorii gatunkowych oraz predylekcji do heterogenizacji dyskursów, zmusza do zastanowienia się nad przyczynami atrakcyjności thrillera jako formy genologicznej, po którą nierzadko sięgają pisarze, by zaprezentować czytelnikowi fikcjonalną wypowiedź „pogłębioną” o diagnozowanie rozmaitych mankamentów nowoczesnego świata. W literaturze czeskiej prozaicy Roman Ludva i Miloš Urban, zainspirowani nie tylko Ecowsko-Brownowską grą z utartymi rozwiązaniami fabularnymi, lecz także tradycją rodzimą (opowiadaniami dziewiętnastowiecznego neoromantyka, Jakuba Arbesa), wpisują szablony „dreszczowca” w szeroko zakrojoną dyskusję na temat współczesnej kondycji sztuki i jednocześnie – dzięki strategii „wzmożonej” intersemiotyczności – nadają swym narracjom wymiar autotematyczny.
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This article talks about a famous novel by Leopold Tyrmand entitled Zły (The Bad) which was translated into English by David Welsh as The Man with White Eyes (New York: Knopf, 1959). The author claims that the novel which describes a life in destroyed Warsaw of the 1950s gradually became an epic. The author refers to a conception by Polish literary scholar and critic Kazimierz Wyka who claimed that epics are not written, but – under some circumstances, sometimes even against the will of the writers – some texts become epics. According to the author, in Zły (both in the style and in the plot) can be found the elements of brilliant epic stylization. The novel which at first was read as a thriller gradually became an epic because it described with epic accuracy a world that had disappeared, a world where a new life was born in the ruins.
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Corpus Christi, Corpus Delicti: A new narrative contract. Władysław Pasikowski’s Aftermath (2012) and the invalidation of the category of the Polish Witness to the HolocaustWładysław Pasikowski’s 2012 feature film Aftermath recapitulates and works through the existing resources in documentary cinema that deals with the Polish context of the Holocaust (Claude Lanzmann, Paweł Łoziński, Marian Marzyński, Agnieszka Arnold). It is also founded on the knowledge amassed in the wake of the countrywide debate about the 1941 Jedwabne massacre (2000–1). As such, it rejects the majority narrative of the Holocaust, one told under the banners of the Righteous Among the Nations (the paradigm of innocence), the Polish witness to the Holocaust (triggering an unjustified identification of the Jaspersian paradigm of unimputable, metaphysical guilt with unwarranted guilt), and the alleged collective Polish trauma of the Holocaust.Aftermath is analyzed as a treatise on antisemitism which problematizes and narrativizes phantasms that are central to this socio-cultural pathology, visualizing the mechanism whereby the phantasm of the Jew is constructed and imposed on actual individuals. It also touches upon the Christian roots and identitarian dimension of antisemitism, alongside its central figure: the Crucifixion. Antisemitism is a matter of religion as a doctrine but also religion as an institution.By displaying a plexus of discourses and practices, attitudes and behaviors, Pasikowski defends the great quantifier as a legitimate category to describe the Polish context of the Holocaust. He debunks the essential differentiation between pre-modern and modern antisemitism (including notions about the secondary nature of Polish antisemitism in relation to the German Nazi exterminatory projects targeted at the Jews).The film convincingly portrays antisemitism as dominating the experience and its representation to such an extent that antisemitic culture loses the ability to reflect on the human condition. Where a non-antisemite sees the irreducible strangeness that is inherent to individual existence, the antisemite sees a Jew, etc. The long duration of violence and exclusion has turned the phantasmic and alternative reality of antisemitism into reality tout court, as it produces a materiality of its own, up to and including the materiality of the atrocity (stolen property, looted corpses, etc.).The text offers an extensive discussion of the essential conflict between Aftermath and the system of Polish culture. The aesthetic is political. The juxtaposition of two genre films (the thriller and the Western) and a plebeian protagonist with a domain that is perceived as proper to the intelligentsia provoked widespread shock and rejection. Accusations of kitsch, exaggeration, improbability, and a colonial gaze enabled critics to sidestep, if not invalidate, the director’s argument. A study of the reception of Aftermath is a study of class distinction in action.Pasikowski’s film portrays antisemitism as a problem of an antisemitic culture and an antisemitic society. This entails a radical invalidation of the notion of antisemitism as an inter-group conflict, thus exposing the fiction and falsehood of such constructs as “dialogue” and “reconciliation.”Despite its pessimistic diagnosis, Aftermath raises the possibility of change and the emancipatory potential of self-empowerment. By considering the cultural and social implications of our knowledge about antisemitism and the Polish context of the Holocaust, the film reveala systemic challenge posed by the imperative to revise culture and reject its toxic models. From this perspective, a new narrative becomes possible as a critique of narratives. Corpus Christi, corpus delicti – nowy kontrakt narracyjny. Pokłosie (2012) Władysława Pasikowskiego wobec kompromitacji kategorii polskiego świadka ZagładyFilm fabularny Pokłosie (2012) Władysława Pasikowskiego przynosi rekapitulację i przepracowanie dotychczasowych zasobów kina dokumentalnego dotyczącego polskiego kontekstu Zagłady (C. Lanzmann, P. Łoziński, M. Marzyński, A. Arnold). Ufundowany jest także na wiedzy narosłej po debacie jedwabieńskiej (2000) oraz na odrzuceniu dotychczasowych dominujących większościowych narracji o Zagładzie: spod znaku Sprawiedliwych (paradygmat niewinności) i spod znaku polskiego świadka Zagłady (paradygmat Jaspersowskiej winy niezarzucanej oraz zbiorowej polskiej traumy Zagłady).Tekst proponuje spojrzenie na Pokłosie jako traktat o antysemityzmie, który problematyzuje i narratywizuje fantazmaty oraz mechanizmy kluczowe dla tej społeczno-kulturowej patologii. Wizualizacja obejmuje mechanizm konstruowania fantazmatu Żyda i nakładania go na realne podmioty. Nie omija też chrześcijańskich korzeni i tożsamościowego wymiaru antysemityzmu z centralną figurą Ukrzyżowania. Antysemityzm jest sprawą religii jako doktryny, ale też instytucji.Unaoczniając splot dyskursów i praktyk, postaw i zachowań, Pasikowski broni wielkiego kwantyfikatora jako zasadnej kategorii opisu polskiego kontekstu Zagłady. Obala też istotowe rozgraniczenie między antysemityzmem przednowoczesnym i nowoczesnym (w tym wyobrażenie o podrzędności polskiego antysemityzmu względem niemieckiego nazistowskiego przedsięwzięcia eksterminacyjnego wymierzonego w Żydów).Film w przekonujący sposób pokazuje, że antysemityzm do tego stopnia zawładnął doświadczeniem i jego reprezentacją, że kultura antysemicka straciła możliwość dostępu do namysłu nad ludzką kondycją. Tam, gdzie nieantysemita widzi nieredukowalną obcość przyrodzoną jednostkowej egzystencji, antysemita widzi Żyda etc. Długie trwanie przemocy i wykluczenia sprawia, że z rzeczywistości fantazmatycznej i alternatywnej antysemityzm staje się rzeczywistością tout court. Wytwarza bowiem własną materialność, do materialności zbrodni włącznie.Tekst obszernie omawia istotowy konflikt Pokłosia z systemem kultury polskiej. Estetyczne jest polityczne. Połączenie kina podwójnie gatunkowego (thriller, western) oraz plebejskiego bohatera z domeną uchodzącą za inteligencki monopol wywołało w większości szok i odrzucenie. Zarzuty – kiczu, przesady, braku prawdopodobieństwa, kolonialnego spojrzenia – pozwoliły w dużym stopniu wyminąć, jeśli nie unieważnić, rozpoznania reżysera. Studium recepcji Pokłosia to studium dystynkcji klasowej w działaniu.Film Pasikowskiego pokazuje antysemityzm jako problem kultury antysemickiej i antysemickiego społeczeństwa. Oznacza to radykalną kompromitację wyobrażenia antysemityzmu jako konfliktu międzygrupowego, czego konsekwencją jest obnażenie fałszu i fikcji konstruktów takich, jak „dialog” i „pojednanie”.Mimo pesymistycznej diagnozy społecznej, Pokłosie wskazuje na możliwość zmiany i potencjał emancypacji tkwiący w samoupodmiotowieniu. Podejmując refleksję nad tym, co wynika dla kultury i społeczeństwa z wiedzy na temat antysemityzmu i polskiego kontekstu Zagłady, film wskazuje na wyzwanie systemowe w postaci imperatywu rewizji kultury i odrzucenia jej toksycznych wzorów. W tym świetle nowa narracja staje się możliwa – jako krytyka narracji.
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The Enlightenment inspired the Polish post-war authors to create thriller fables in different ways: first of all, there were attempts to literary work out authentic histories, then some authors “revealed” alleged inside stories of real events, finally some stories presented completely fictional episodes set in the realities of Polish, sometimes also European, Age of Enlightenment. The vision of the epoque, based on historical sources and studies, is most often rather stereotypical and illustrative in character, but nothing else should be expected in the popular literature. If there are any attempts to revise the view of that times, they refer only to the traditions of popular literature as well (like in the novel “Choć nas potępiają umysły zacięte...” written by Jerzy Siewierski, which clearly refers polemically to Aleksander Dumas’s “Diaries of a Doctor”). Except historical studies, diaries and other sources, also the literature of the Enlightenment is used in different ways. There are quotes or crypto-quotes in the plot, characters often read books that were popular in that times, we can also recognize features of some characters as typical for satire, comedy or novel of the Enlightenment Ages. Sometimes the narrative-fictional patterns of the eighteenthcentury novel are used as literary allusion. However, the most interesting works are the ones in which authors managed not only to compare a sensational, spy or criminal episode to the realities of the epoque, but also make elements of “the Spirit of the Enlightenment” an integral part of that plot. It is especially visible in the novels of Siewierski’s or Jerzy Piechowski’s.
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The city in Seven is full of dark and claustrophobic spaces, dominated by three colors: black, green and red. The significance of these colors is associated with sin: laziness (green), impurity (red) and pride (red, white). Desaturation of color and deep blacks throughout the film are the result of artistic treatments such as flyflashing and bleach-bypass. Color is complemented by light – sometimes minimal, other times quite blinding. The sound of thunder and rain complete the picture of the city as a place of moral decay, where two forces are fighting: light and darkness, purity and sin.
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The Colour of Urban Areas in David Fincher’s Seven The city in Seven is full of dark and claustrophobic spaces, dominated by three colors: black, green and red. The significance of these colors is associated with sin: laziness (green), impurity (red) and pride (red, white). Desaturation of color and deep blacks throughout the film are the result of artistic treatments such as flyflashing and bleach-bypass. Color is complemented by light – sometimes minimal, other times quite blinding. The sound of thunder and rain complete the picture of the city as a place of moral decay, where  two forces are fighting: light and darkness, purity and sin.
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The Dramaturgy of Roman Polański’s Two Men with a Wardrobe   Marek Hendrykowski’s case study on Polański’s famous student etude Two Men with a Wardrobe reconstructs this wonderful short movie take-by-take: a must for anyone who cares about cinema as art. The young (24 years old) director, together with a team of talented colleagues (cameraman Maciej Kijowski, actors Jakub Goldberg and Henryk Kluba, director’s assistant Andrzej Kostenko and film music composer and jazzman Krzysztof Komeda), demonstrated a very modern way of thinking about the art of the moving image and about the various possibilities hidden in the simple poetics of screen drama. From its opening scene on the beach to the dramatic and nostalgic ending with a comeback to the sea, the film charts two men’s struggles on the difficult path to becoming independent human beings enjoying their own freedom.
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