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The Effect of IP Constituent Position and Foot Complexity on Timing in Polish Learner's English Pronunciation

100%
Porzuczek A.
Research in Language
|
2010
|
vol. 8
149-162
EN
This paper focuses on the effect of prominence level and stress distribution on timing in read English speech of Polish learners. We have measured and analysed the length of IP units distinguished by the traditional British School prosodic description, i.e. preheads, heads and nuclei, as well as stress feet, further divided into stressed and unstressed syllables. A comparison of native and Polish learners' performance shows similar durations of stressed and pitch accented syllables. The unstressed syllables and syllable clusters, on the other hand, are significantly longer in non-native speech, and the discrepancies increase at lower phrasal prominence levels, especially in the preheads. Similar results for both groups have been obtained with respect to the number of consecutive unstressed syllables (foot complexity). The same test repeated after seven months of pronunciation training reveals a considerable tendency towards native speech timing, although the differences concerning low prominence levels remain significant.
2
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The Effect of IP Constituent Position and Foot Complexity on Timing in Polish Learner's English Pronunciation

100%
Porzuczek A.
Research in Language
|
2010
|
vol. 8
1-14
EN
This paper focuses on the effect of prominence level and stress distribution on timing in read English speech of Polish learners. We have measured and analysed the length of IP units distinguished by the traditional British School prosodic description, i.e. preheads, heads and nuclei, as well as stress feet, further divided into stressed and unstressed syllables.A comparison of native and Polish learners' performance shows similar durations of stressed and pitch accented syllables. The unstressed syllables and syllable clusters, on the other hand, are significantly longer in non-native speech, and the discrepancies increase at lower phrasal prominence levels, especially in the preheads. Similar results for both groups have been obtained with respect to the number of consecutive unstressed syllables (foot complexity). The same test repeated after seven months of pronunciation training reveals a considerable tendency towards native speech timing, although the differences concerning low prominence levels remain significant.
3
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Flexibility of temporal expectations for triple subdivision of a beat

88%
Repp B., Jendoubi H.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
|
2009
|
vol. 5
27-41
EN
When tapping in synchrony with an isochronous sequence of beats, participants respond automatically to an unexpectedly early or late beat by shifting their next tap; this is termed thephase correction response(PCR). A PCR has also been observed in response to unexpected perturbations of metrical subdivisions of a beat, which suggests that participants have temporal expectancies for subdivisions to occur at particular time points. It has been demonstrated that a latent temporal expectancy at 1/2 of the inter-beat interval (IBI) exists even in the absence of explicit duple subdivision in previous IBIs of a sequence. The present study asked whether latent expectancies at 1/3 and 2/3 of the IBI can be induced by a global experimental context of triple subdivision, and whether a local context of consistently phase-shifted triple subdivisions can induce different expectancies. Using the PCR as the dependent variable, we find weak evidence for latent expectancies but strong evidence for context-induced shifts in expectancies. These results suggest that temporal referents between beats, which typically are linked to simple ratios of time spans, are flexible and context-dependent. In addition, we show that the PCR, a response to expectancy violation, is independent of and sometimes contrary to the simultaneous phase adaptation required by a change in subdivision timing.
4
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A filled duration illusion in music: Effects of metrical subdivision on the perception and production of beat tempo

88%
Repp B., Bruttomesso M.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
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2009
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vol. 5
114-134
EN
This study replicates and extends previous findings suggesting that metrical subdivision slows the perceived beat tempo (Repp, 2008). Here, musically trained participants produced the subdivisions themselves and were found to speed up, thus compensating for the perceived slowing. This was shown in a synchronization-continuation paradigm (Experiment 1) and in a reproduction task (Experiment 2a). Participants also judged the tempo of a subdivided sequence as being slower than that of a preceding simple beat sequence (Experiment 2b). Experiment 2 also included nonmusician participants, with similar results. Tempo measurements of famous pianists' recordings of two variation movements from Beethoven sonatas revealed a strong tendency to play the first variation (subdivided beats) faster than the theme (mostly simple beats). A similar tendency was found in musicians' laboratory performances of a simple theme and variations, despite instructions to keep the tempo constant (Experiment 3a). When playing melodic sequences in which only one of three beats per measure was subdivided, musicians tended to play these beats faster and to perceive them as longer than adjacent beats, and they played the whole sequence faster than a sequence without any subdivisions (Experiments 3b and 3c). The results amply demonstrate afilled duration illusionin rhythm perception and music performance: Intervals containing events seem longer than empty intervals and thus must be shortened to be perceived as equal in duration.
5
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Rate Limits of Sensorimotor Synchronization

88%
Repp B.
Advances in Cognitive Psychology
|
2006
|
vol. 2
|
issue 2-3
163-181
EN
Empirical evidence for upper and lower rate limits of sensorimotor synchronization (typically, finger tapping with an auditory or visual event sequence) is reviewed. If biomechanical constraints are avoided, the upper rate limit can be as high as 8-10 Hz (sequence event inter-onset intervals of 100-125 ms) with auditory stimuli, but has been found to be less than 2.5 Hz (> 400 ms) with simple visual stimuli (flashes of light). The upper rate limit for auditory stimuli varies with task difficulty and musical experience; that for visual stimuli requires further investigation. The lower rate limit, according to one definition, tends to be at about 0.56 Hz (1800 ms), regardless of modality. Attentional, perceptual, and sensorimotor explanations of these limits are considered. Rate limits of sensorimotor synchronization place important constraints on musical ensemble performance and other forms of rhythmic coordination.
6
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Upper limb analysis measured by inertial measurement unit tool: a case report

88%
Filip Wołoszyn F., Anna Czmi A.
European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
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2019
|
issue 1
94-100
EN
Introduction. This article reports differences in accurate and inaccurate forehand and backhand strokes in tennis. The tests were carried out on a professional tennis player. The duration of a stroke, the heights of the individual segments of the right upper limb and differences in the heights of the segments at the beginning and at the end of every phase of stroke were examined. Aim. The major aim of the work was to expose upper limb disparity in stokes. Description of the case report. The research tool was inertial motion sensors (IMS) based on an accelerometer, a gyroscope and a magnetometer. A professional tennis player was examined using the individual case method and kinematic analysis. Results. The analysis concerned the average time to perform forehand and backhand strokes during all phases of the stroke, i.e. preparation, acceleration and follow-through phases. The average heights of the individual upper limb segments during a stroke were also taken into account. The results of the study are meant to show how the movement of the upper limb affects the accuracy and velocity of a stroke. Conclusion. The movements of individual segments in some accurate strokes were similar to those in inaccurate strokes.
7
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Timing of form-focused instruction: Effects on EFL learners’ grammar learning

88%
Xu J., Li C.
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
|
2022
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vol. 12
|
issue 3
405-433
EN
This study investigates how different form-focused instruction (FFI) timing impacts English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ grammar development. A total of 169 Chinese middle school learners were assigned to four conditions randomly: control, before-isolated FFI, integrated FFI, and after-isolated FFI. The three experimental groups received treatments which combined form and meaning with the English passive voice as the teaching target, but learners’ attention was drawn to the passive voice with different timing. The before-isolated and after-isolated groups received the treatment before and after communicative activities, respectively. For the integrated FFI group, intervention occurred during communicative activities. A picture writing test and a written error correction test were employed to measure students’ performance. The results indicated that the three experimental groups manifested significant improvement. Before-isolated FFI produced the best immediate and delayed effects, and integrated FFI produced better immediate effect than after-isolated FFI, while after-isolated FFI produced better delayed effect than integrated FFI. The findings indicated that pedagogical sequences in FFI are important, and teachers might need to guide adolescent learners to focus on form explicitly before communicative activities.
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