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The Governors of Kefe and Azak in Ottoman-Muscovite Relations in the Fifteenth–Seventeenth Centuries and the Issue of Titulature

100%
Zhyvachivskyi A.
Acta Poloniae Historica
|
2017
|
vol. 115
PL
The province of Kefe (Caffa) was one of the Ottoman frontier provinces and played an important role in the Ottoman relations with Moscow and Bakhchisaray. One duty of the governor of Kefe was to control the Crimean khan and inform the Ottoman central authorities about the situation in the Crimea. Azak (Azov) belonged to the province of Kefe and, as an important frontier fortress, enjoyed special rights and privileges. Kefe and Azak were transit points for Muscovite envoys and merchants on their way to Istanbul, and their governors typically acted as the ‘ears and eyes’ of the sultan in regard to Muscovy and the Don Cossacks. Based on primary sources, this article examines the correspondence of the governors of Kefe and Azak with Moscow and discusses their impact on the OttomanMuscovite relations. Special attention is devoted to the titulature used by the Ottoman provincial governors in their letters addressed to the tsar.
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The development and usage of the Greek and Coptic term papa in ecclesiastical and monastic contexts

84%
Laver T.
The Journal of Juristic Papyrology
|
2022
|
issue 52
55-101
EN
This article examines the use of the title papa in the Greek and Coptic papyri, ostraca, and inscriptions of the third–ninth centuries, refuting previous claims that it was primarily used as a ‘priestly title’. The main grammatical features of the term are sketched out, before delineating the use of papa as both noun and honorific to mean ‘bishop’ over the third–seventh centuries, and then as an honorific for monastic administrators after the sixth century. Some brief observations are then made on how the title appears to develop over the ninth–thirteenth centuries.
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