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Immunological determinants in a murine model of toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma

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Świerczyńska-Machura D., Walusiak-Skorupa J., Nowakowska-Świrta E., Piasecka-Zelga J., Świercz R., Pałczyński C.
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
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2012
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vol. 25
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issue 4
492-498
EN
Objectives: Diisocyanates (DIC) are highly reactive, low-molecular-weight chemicals which are the leading cause of occupational asthma (OA). The aim of the study was to analyze certain aspects of the pathogenesis of allergic infl ammation in the airways induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in an experimental model in mice. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out on 50 female BALB/cJ/Han/IMP mice, which were exposed by inhalation (intranasal and in the inhalation chamber) to toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI). After the experiment, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected from the animals, and the composition of the induced infl ammatory cells, and the concentrations of certain cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, TNF-α) were evaluated. Results: The total number of cells in BALF of the examined group of mice was signifi cantly higher compared to the control mice. There was also a signifi cant increase in neutrophils and eosinophils in the study group compared to the controls. The number of lymphocytes and macrophages did not differ signifi cantly between the two groups. A statistically signifi cant increase in the level of TNF-α was shown to occur in the group exposed to toluene diisocyanate in comparison to the control group. The concentration of IL-4 increased in the study group, compared to the control one, but the differences did not reach the level of signifi cance, p > 0.05. Such difference was not observed for IL-5. Conclusions: We developed a murine model of TDI-induced asthma which caused the infl ux of infl ammatory cells like eosinophils and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fl uid (BALF) in the TDI-treated mice. The increase of the concentration of some proinfl ammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-4) in BALF from the exposed mice was also observed.
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Occupational exposure to selected isocyanates in Polish industry

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Brzeźnicki S., Bonczarowska M.
Medycyna Pracy
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2015
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vol. 66
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issue 3
291-301
PL
Wstęp Izocyjaniany stanowią grupę małocząsteczkowych silnie reaktywnych związków chemicznych szeroko stosowanych do produkcji tworzyw poliuretanowych. Uważa się, że zawodowe narażenie na te związki to jeden z głównych czynników powstawania astmy zawodowej i z tego względu istotne jest stałe monitorowanie ich stężeń w środowisku pracy. Celem pracy było wykonanie pomiarów stężeń metylenobis(fenyloizocyjanianu) (MDI; CAS 101-68-8), diizocyjanianu tolueno-2,4-diylu (2,4-TDI; CAS 584-84-9), diizocyjanianu tolueno-2,6-diylu (2,6-TDI; CAS 91-08-7), diizocyjanianuheksano-1,6-diylu (HDI; CAS 822-06-0) w środowisku pracy jako podstawy do oceny zawodowego narażenia na te związki. Materiał i metody Oznaczenia stężeń wybranych izocyjanianów zostały przeprowadzone w 21 zakładach pracy podczas różnych procesów produkcyjnych. Pobrane próbki powietrza analizowano z zastosowaniem wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej (high-performance liquid chromatography – HPLC). Wyniki Przedstawione wyniki są pierwszymi w Polsce ilościowymi danymi dotyczącymi zawodowego narażenia na izocyjaniany. Wynika z nich, że generalnie stężenia oznaczanych związków pozostają na niskim poziomie i nie przekraczają ustanowionych wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS). Przekroczenia wartości normatywnych stwierdzono jedynie w przypadku TDI podczas produkcji bloków pianki poliuretanowej. Wnioski Wyniki wielu badań wskazują, że w przypadku niskich stężeń izocyjanianów w powietrzu (szczególnie słabo lotnego MDI) nie można wykluczyć możliwości wchłaniania tych związków przez skórę. Biorąc pod uwagę wszystkie niepewności związane z oceną zawodowego narażenia na izocyjaniany dokonywaną wyłącznie w oparciu o pomiary ich stężeń w powietrzu wydaje się, że jedynie jednoczesne stosowanie monitoringu środowiskowego i monitoringu biologicznego mogłoby pozwolić na wiarygodną ocenę narażenia zawodowego. Med. Pr. 2015;66(3):291–301
EN
Background Isocyanates constitute a group of highly reactive, low molecular weight chemicals used worldwide for polyurethane manufacturing. The occupational exposure to these compounds is a major cause of occupational asthma, thus it is very important to monitor their concentration in the workplace atmosphere. The aim of the study was to measure the concentration of 4,4’-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI; CAS 101-68-8), toluene-2,4-di-isocyanate (2,4-TDI; CAS 584-84-9), toluene-2,6-di-isocyanate (2,6-TDI; CAS 91-08-7) and hexamethylene di-isocyanate (HDI; CAS 822-06-0) in the work environment for evaluation of the occupational exposure to these compounds. Material and Methods Determination of concentrations of selected isocyanates was carried out in 21 manufacturing plants, during different industrial processes. The collected air samples (personal samples) were analyzed by means of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results The presented results represent the 1st data on the occupational exposure to isocyanates in Poland. This set of data is generally indicative of concentrations of analyzed isocyanates that are low and do not exceed the maximum admissible concentration (MAC) values in Poland. Elevated concentrations (above the MAC value) were found only for the TDI in the course of manufacturing of polyurethane foam blocks. Conclusions Results of many studies show that low concentrations of isocyanates (particularly of low volatility like for example MDI) in the air cannot exclude the possibility of additional absorption of these compounds through skin. Taking into consideration all the uncertainties associated with the evaluation of the risk of exposure to isocyanates based solely on measurement of their levels in the air, it would seem that the simultaneous application of environmental and biological monitoring would only facilitate a reliable assessment of the occupational exposure risk. Med Pr 2015;66(3):291–301
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