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Formal is Natural: Toward an Ecological Phonology

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EN
Naturalism Phonology (NP) has a history of opposition to abstractness, to generative linguistics, to formalist approaches, and differs from these in its strong focus on external rather than distributional, structural evidential domains. But evidence domains are orthogonal to empirical and formal methods, and, like formalist theories such as Optimality Theory (OT), the pedigree of NP includes structuralist and generative phonology. In an analysis which is sympathetic to both NP and OT, this contribution examines the relation between NP and OT, analyses a classic OT case study of syllabification in Tashlhiyt Berber, and presents computational linguistic analyses of this case, as well as of English syllable phonotactics and of tone language tonotactics. The contribution advocates an opening towards these methods, and the adoption of explicit, consistent, precise, complete and sound formal criteria for theories, which enable an exact interpretation in terms of operational models and computational implementations, and practical applications. The general frame of reference is a the Ecological Cycle in theory formation, from clarification of the domain through theory construction, interpretation with a model, evaluation and application in the original evidential domain, with payback to the language community from which the evidence was gained.
EN
An expression used in the title of my paper refers to several places in contemporary and ancient Italy: the Gulf of Naples, the shores of Lampedusa and Sicily, and the mouth of the Tiber River. These places form the background of the tragedy of African and Middle East refugees shown in poems by Tomasz Różycki: Lawinia (Lavinia) from the collection Litery (Letter by Letter, 2016) and Strefa komfortu (Comfort Zone) from the newest poetry book Kapitan X (Captain X, 2020). My detailed analysis of the two texts is an attempt to describe their formal and semantic complexity, especially their unique tone that mixes sharp irony with tender compassion.
EN
The article considers comic humour as an emotional and semantic component of the statements in two comedies written by Nadezhda Ptushkina: Paying ahead and Come and take away, which can be attributed to popular mass literature. Distinguishing between the manifestations of situational and semantic comedy and humour the article shows how the humorous tone of the character’s remarks changes the overall genre tone of the comedy. Due to the idea of how much the personality does not fit into the narrow framework of the stereotypical perception of the situation of the husband’s withdrawal from the family, the article notes the dramatic and tragic modality of the statements in the plays. At the same time, in all situations and in all manifestations of the relationship between the characters, we feel the author’s view. The author is distinguished by the ability to understand and accept a different opinion to optimistically see the possibility of preserving the family and identity of each person in the process of collisions with other opinions. Despite the author’s rejection the play retains a belief in a certain general harmony of the human soul, which is especially vividly perceived thanks to allusions to Chekhov’s plays. Techniques contribute to the removal of the author’s view and the positions of the characters: dialogue of the deaf, distancing the author’s view and the character’s position, wordplay. All these techniques contribute to overcoming the farcical nature of the conflict and its dramatization.
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Robert Frost and the “Eye Reader”

86%
EN
One salient feature of Robert Frost’s aesthetics was his sharp differentiation of the visual from the audile imagination. Frost (a former schoolteacher) had noticed the difference between visual and audile/phonetic readers, and considered the eye reader to be a ‘bad’ reader. The article examines those features of Frost’s own poetic practice which would have led him to consider the eye reader a bad reader, as well as the sorts of prosodic content an eye reader may be prone to miss. Having examined Frost’s aesthetic objections to the eye reader, the question is then posed: does Frost ever treat the “eye reader,” or oral versus visual predilections, thematically in his artistic writings?
EN
The article deals with Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita and its film adaptation by Stanley Kubrick. The tone of the novel makes a simple transfer from novel to film impossible without losing characteristics of the novel. These consist of unreliable narration, wordplays, satire and numerous examples of parody. Kubrick suggests a range of devices to convey the tone of the novel.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia uproszczoną procedurę konstrukcji słownika tonu służącego do zautomatyzowanego rozpoznawania typu opinii biegłego rewidenta, opracowanego na podstawie opinii sporządzonych w języku polskim. Opierając się na próbie 362 opinii załączonych do sprawozdań finansowych zestawionych w okresie od 2013 roku do 2016 roku stworzono korpus językowy. Wykorzystując metody analizy tekstu i analizy korelacji oszacowano ładunki informacyjne słów na podstawie korelacji z typem opinii biegłego rewidenta. Wyniki wskazują na istotny związek opinii zmodyfikowanej (negatywnej lub z zastrzeżeniem) i tonu oraz braku takich zależności w przypadku opinii bez zastrzeżeń. Procedura tworzenia słownika oraz sam słownik mogą być zastosowane do konstruowania automatycznych algorytmów handlu akcjami.
EN
This paper presents a simplified procedure for construction of a tone dictionary used for the automated recognition of the auditor's opinion type. The study was based on audit opinions prepared in the Polish language. Our sample consists of 362 reports for the period 2013-2016. It served as a basis for creating the language corpus. We applied text mining techniques combined with correlation analysis to assess information content of words on the basis of correlation with the type of auditor’s opinion. We have demonstrated that a modified auditor’s report (negative or qualified) has a significant correlation with tone while in the case of an unqualified opinion there is no such correlation. The procedure of dictionary creation and the dictionary itself can be used to develop automatic trading algorithms.
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