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The Belt and Road Initiative as a tool for promoting EU–China trade. Poland’s case

100%
Szypulewska-Porczyńska A.
Research Papers in Economics and Finance
|
2020
|
vol. 4
|
issue 2
29-40
EN
The aim of the study is to evaluate the potential role of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for promoting EU – China trade, and especially Poland – China trade. We test two hypotheses: 1) Non-tariff barriers (NTBs), particularly related to railway transport, are significant for Poland – China trade, and 2) Poland – China trade fits railway transport well. Therefore, we start with a study of the significance of tariff and non-tariff barriers in mutual trade relations, including transport-related barriers. NTBs are mainly derived from the EU Market Access database, and as for transport-related barriers – the logistics performance index (LPI) is used. As the next step, we study the composition of bilateral trade in static and dynamic terms using the OECD TiVA database. In the light of the significant increase in NTBs on EU manufacturing products exported to China and the railway transport infrastructure performance in Poland, the BRI could become an effective tool for improving the business environment for EU exporters. By contrast, the BRI project is more suitable for China and the EU as a whole than for Poland in terms of commodity structure of bilateral trade.
2
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How Much Neoprotectionism is There in Contemporary World Trade?

100%
Pawlak K.
Central European Economic Journal
|
2023
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vol. 11
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issue 58
21-32
EN
Negative effects of globalisation and liberalisation of trade are countered using protectionist measures. Contemporary protectionism, typically termed neoprotectionism, is put into practice using a wide variety of non-tariff instruments, with a considerably lesser degree of transparency compared to tariffs, which are more difficult to identify and measure. The aim of this paper is to determine the dynamics of protection, as well as the category and geographical structure for the use of trade policy instruments in the world goods trade in the years 2010–2022. The study was based on source materials from the Global Trade Alert (GTA) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The conducted analyses showed that interventions taken in the world goods trade in the years 2010–2022 were primarily trade restrictions executed using non-tariff measures. In terms of its geographical distribution the relatively greatest scope of protectionism observed was for the trade policy of China and the USA. In terms of the product category, the sale of agricultural produce was protected the most. The realised model of protectionism differed depending on the group of products being traded, the standard of economic development of the country implementing trade policy measures, its export specialisation and the degree of self-sufficiency. The protectionist character of the trade policy was also enhanced during economic crises.
3
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The Impact of War on the Reorientation of Trade Flows: The Case of Ukraine

86%
Palinchak M., Brenzovych K., Mashkara-Choknadiy V., Mayboroda Y.
Studia Regionalne i Lokalne
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2023
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issue Special Issue
125-140
EN
The military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, which started in 2014 and came to another active phase in February 2022, may change Ukraine’s foreign trade in terms of both its geography and product structure. The regions of Ukraine will not only have to recover from the consequences of destruction, but also to seek new directions of foreign economic activity and build connections with reliable partners such as the European Union and the United States. The paper presents an analysis of changes in the foreign trade of Ukraine and its regions since 2014 and examines shifts in trade flows in the direction of Western leaders of global trade. The case of Georgia, another target of Russian military intervention, in the reorientation of its trade flows, is also considered.
4

Współczesny rynek tłuszczów ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem obrotu towarowego tłuszczami roślinnymi

72%
Kondratowicz-Pietruszka E., Białek J.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie
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2013
|
issue 918
51-69
PL
W pierwszej dekadzie XXI w. dla człowieka i gospodarki wzrasta znaczenie roślin oleistych, co skutkuje zwiększającym się udziałem w strukturze zasiewów. Są one wykorzystywane do celów spożywczych oraz energetycznych. Wytworzone z nich tłuszcze spożywcze są wykorzystywane m.in. do produkcji olejów jadalnych lub stanowią surowiec do wytwarzania margaryn, wyrobów cukierniczych, piekarskich i konserw. Przetwórstwo surowców oleistych oraz produkcja wyrobów tłuszczowych w Polsce obecnie należą do dziedzin gospodarki najbardziej dynamicznie rozwijających się. Krajowa produkcja opiera się głównie na produkcji oleju rzepakowego i rzepikowego oraz margaryny. Polska stała się jednym z czołowych producentów oleju rzepakowego w Europie, natomiast w przypadku margaryny zajmuje drugie miejsce, posiadając 15% udziałów w produkcji margaryny w krajach UE-27. Celem artykułu było przedstawienie charakterystyki rynku tłuszczowego i obrotu towarowego produktami tłuszczowymi w Polsce na tle kształtowania się rynku światowego oraz Unii Europejskiej. Zaprezentowano import oraz eksport poszczególnych tłuszczów, skalę ich produkcji oraz spożycie. Wskazano, że konsumenci częściej wybierają tłuszcze roślinne niż zwierzęce, co wiąże się z promocją zdrowego trybu życia.
XX
In the first decade of the 21st century, oil plants gained in importance to humans and the economy thanks to their growing share in the overall crop structure. Oil plants provide seeds used for food and energy purposes. Edible fats obtained from the oil plants are used, among other things, to manufacture edible oils, or as a raw material for making margarines, confectionery and bakery products, and canned food products. The processing of oil containing raw materials and the production of edible fats are currently the most dynamically developing branches of the Polish food industry. The production of edible fats in Poland is determined mainly by the production of rapeseed and agrimony oils, and of margarine. Poland is one of the top manufacturers of rapeseed oil in Europe. From among the 27 countries of the EU, Poland produces the second highest amount of margarine, or 15% of the total. The paper characterises the fat market and trade in Poland, comparing it with the world and EU fat markets. It presents the import and export of individual fat types along with the scale of their production and consumption. It also notes that consumers more often choose edible plant fats over edible animal fats, a decision which can be attributed to the promotion of healthy lifestyles.
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