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How Much Neoprotectionism is There in Contemporary World Trade?

100%

Pawlak K.

Central European Economic Journal

2023

vol. 11

issue 58

21-32

Negative effects of globalisation and liberalisation of trade are countered using protectionist measures. Contemporary protectionism, typically termed neoprotectionism, is put into practice using a wide variety of non-tariff instruments, with a considerably lesser degree of transparency compared to tariffs, which are more difficult to identify and measure. The aim of this paper is to determine the dynamics of protection, as well as the category and geographical structure for the use of trade policy instruments in the world goods trade in the years 2010–2022. The study was based on source materials from the Global Trade Alert (GTA) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The conducted analyses showed that interventions taken in the world goods trade in the years 2010–2022 were primarily trade restrictions executed using non-tariff measures. In terms of its geographical distribution the relatively greatest scope of protectionism observed was for the trade policy of China and the USA. In terms of the product category, the sale of agricultural produce was protected the most. The realised model of protectionism differed depending on the group of products being traded, the standard of economic development of the country implementing trade policy measures, its export specialisation and the degree of self-sufficiency. The protectionist character of the trade policy was also enhanced during economic crises.

Wzrost zielonego protekcjonizmu

58%

Kaliszuk E.

Unia Europejska.pl

2015

issue 6

45-62

W artykule analizowany jest związek między silnie dotowanym rynkiem czystej energii a obserwowanym gwałtownym wzrostem postępowań antydumpingowych i antysubsydyjnych w tej dziedzinie oraz związa-nych z tym działań odwetowych i wojen handlowych. Źródłem tych napięć może być zmniejszanie po 2008 r. wsparcia dla produkcji i konsumpcji energii ze źródeł odnawialnych przez głównych jej producen-tów. Analiza jest ograniczona do dwóch rodzajów odnawialnych źródeł energii – biopaliw i energii słonecz-nej, w których rządowe wsparcie jest szczególnie intensywne, oraz do trzech głównych użytkowników środ-ków ochrony handlu w tej dziedzinie, a mianowicie triady – Unii Europejskiej, USA i Chin. W artykule przeanalizowano przykłady zakłóceń spowodowanych polityką protekcjonizmu triady w handlu biopaliwami i panelami słonecznymi, takich jak praktyka splash and dash, handel okrężny, odchylenia handlu (trade de-flection) i przenoszenie inwestycji (anti-dumping tariff jumping). Szczególną uwagę poświęcono Chinom, ze względu na ich pozycję lidera w inwestycjach w czystą energię oraz zmianę w grudniu 2016 r. statusu z „gospodarki nierynkowej” do gospodarki rynkowej, która będzie miała kluczowe znaczenie dla obliczania ceł antydumpingowych.

The paper analysis connections between the contentious issue of clean energy subsidies and a recent surge in trade remedies on environmental goods resulting in retaliatory behaviour and trade wars among targeted countries. The problem is acute given the withdrawal of national support schemes for certain types of envi-ronmental products since the year 2008. The analysis is limited to two kinds of renewable energy sources – biofuels and solar energy, where government support has been especially intensive, and to three big users of trade remedies in this field, namely the European Union, the United States, and China. The paper discusses several distortions caused by the protectionist policy of the triad in trade of analysed goods such as the “splash and dash” practice, circle trade, trade deflection, and “anti-dumping tariff jumping”. A special atten-tion is paid to China - its leading position in clean energy investment and the change of its status from the “non-market economy” to the market economy, forthcoming in December 2016, which will have a crucial impact on calculations of anti-dumping duties.

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1 Central European Economic Journal

1 Unia Europejska.pl

1 Kaliszuk E.

1 Pawlak K.

1 2024

1 2015

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How Much Neoprotectionism is There in Contemporary World Trade?

Wzrost zielonego protekcjonizmu