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Myśl polityczna Wincentego Lutosławskiego

100%

Sobczak J.

Themis Polska Nova

2016

issue 2(11)

62-103

According to W. Lutosławski, every nation has its language/tongue, its historical past, but none of these features alone or in whole, does not determine the nation. He notices, that “only an existing national type, the kind of the ego is creating its language, its history and is impersonating the certain race”. The amount of such types is, according to W. Lutosławski, limited and not every people speaking the different language are a nation even if it has the racial distinction/separatness and the political history. His further statement is not entirely understandable, that “the real nation in its being isn’t limited to one planet, but has its representatives in the entire universe, although on the different planets they are not speaking the same language and have a various history”. The language, the race, the history, the custom – they aren’t creating the nation the more so that everyone can speak foreign languages. A nation isn’t the entire mass of people speaking one language but a slim circle of spirits, which are conscious of their separateness amongst the other nations. “The national awareness is an awareness of the existence of the ego fundamentally similar to our ego and whereby differing in the equal way as we do from the other egos we come across”. This way W. Lutosławski seems to be one of the precursors of the researches about the identity, also the national one. A nationality is an outside word of the invisible existence which a nation is, and it won’t be possible to reduce the contacts of the individual with the nation to such elements as language, tradition, custom. So there is/exists a serious difference between the nation and the nationality. The people living at present are only a material for nations. The state, compared with the nation, is a lower-level existence, dependent on time and space The work of Wincentego Lutosławski is located in a current of the Utopian social-political novels of the turning point of the 19th and 20th century. It is worth the attention on the account of the role which, according to this author, the Poles should play after the world war, which burst in four years after publishing this book by him. It is worthwhile noticing the similarity of some, or even a majority, of his political ideas with the views of Polish conservatives. However what must strike the today’s reader is an inconsistency of the arguments of the author, the numerous repetitions, returning to the topics/threads/trains that seemed to be already closed, the lack of historical reflection, not to say factual mistakes in this area. There is no doubt that the philosophical knowledge of Wincenty Lutosławski turned out to be insufficient for making an effort of supporting the framed vision of the future with the historical material. However very interesting are the accurate predictions concerning the growth of industry, the trade, the transport – albeit the current state of affairs still does not fulfill the forecasts of W. Lutosławski.

Protection of Graves and Cemeteries in Treaties on Friendship and Cooperation Signed by Poland with States Formed after the Collapse of the USSR

85%

Staszewski W. S.

Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

2020

vol. 30

issue 3

161-181

Cooperation of states in terms of protection of graves and cemeteries is an important factor of building mutual respect and trust between countries and encourages the creation of a basis of understanding and rapprochement between nations. This article analyses agreements on friendship and cooperation signed by Poland, which play a special role in state treaty relations. The personal scope of the study was limited to agreements signed with states formed after the collapse of the USSR-this area, taking into account various events shaped historically (and not only in the scope of the history of Poland) is especially important in the context of protection of graves and cemeteries. It is where numerous necropolises and places of burial of Poles are located. It also needs to be taken into account that a number of places of burial of remains of persons coming from various countries are located in the territory of Poland. The aim of the study is to provide an answer to the research question of whether cooperation in terms of protection of graves and cemeteries was taken into account in the provisions of political treaties signed by Poland with the aforementioned states and if this cooperation was given an appropriate rank, thus, whether there was an adequate legal framework guaranteeing implementation of the cooperation in an appropriate way in the discussed scope.

Ochrona grobów i cmentarzy w traktatach o przyjaźni i współpracy zawartych przez Polskę z państwami ukształtowanymi po rozpadzie ZSRR Współdziałanie państw w zakresie ochrony grobów i cmentarzy stanowi ważny czynnik budowy wzajemnego poszanowania i zaufania między państwami oraz sprzyja tworzeniu podstaw zrozumienia i zbliżenia między narodami. W niniejszym artykule dokonano analizy zawartych przez Polskę umów o przyjaźni i współpracy, które odgrywają szczególną rolę w stosunkach traktatowych państw. Zakres podmiotowy opracowania ograniczony został do umów podpisanych z państwami ukształtowanymi po rozpadzie ZSRR – obszar ten, biorąc pod uwagę różne wydarzenia ukształtowane historycznie (i to nie tylko w zakresie historii Polski), jest szczególnie ważny w kontekście ochrony grobów i cmentarzy. To tam znajdują się liczne nekropolie i miejsca pochówku Polaków. Należy także mieć na względzie, że na terytorium Polski zlokalizowanych jest też wiele miejsc pochówku szczątków ludzkich osób pochodzących z różnych państw. Celem opracowania jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie badawcze, czy współpraca w zakresie ochrony grobów i cmentarzy została uwzględniona w postanowieniach traktatów politycznych zawartych przez Polskę ze wspomnianymi państwami oraz czy współpracy tej nadano odpowiednią rangę, a tym samym, czy znalazły się odpowiednie ramy prawne gwarantujące we właściwy sposób realizację współpracy we wskazanym obszarze.

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1 Roczniki Nauk Prawnych

1 Themis Polska Nova

1 Sobczak J.

1 Staszewski W. S.

1 2020

1 2016

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Myśl polityczna Wincentego Lutosławskiego

Protection of Graves and Cemeteries in Treaties on Friendship and Cooperation Signed by Poland with States Formed after the Collapse of the USSR