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1

Seasonal pastoral exploitation of forests in the area of Subcarpathia in the 15th and 16th century

100%

Jawor G.

Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

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2016

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vol. 23

175-181

EN

The arguments included in the article were based on a small number of information preserved in the sources, which concern a seasonal presence of the Wallachian shepherds in the areas situated north of the line designating the scope of permanent (year-round) rural settlements founded on the Wallachian law. It was practised both in forests belonging to the king as well as in private estates throughout all seasons. This research resulted in the thesis stating that groups of the Wallachian shepherds led a seasonal grazing of their herds in the submontane areas already in the 15th century. Various factors, primarily of an economic nature, made these pastoral activities disappear or, at least, made them significantly limited at the turn of the 16th and 17th century. Pastoralism of a transhumance type existed throughout the entire period under discussion, in modern sources referred to as koszarnictwo (transhumance herding), consisting in periodic migrations of pastoral groups from permanent villages. Similarly to what I have claimed in my previously published research on the Wallachian pastoralism in the Carpathian areas, there are no indications in the sources, which would justify a thesis for a long time widespread in historical studies, on the presence of a nomadic phase in the history of the Wallachian colonization in the Polish areas. Also in the case of the areas currently studied, its existence can be given no confirmation.

2

Archaeological Reconnaissance Pre-Survey of the Lejowa and Kościeliska Valleys, Tatra National Park, Poland

87%

Brunswig R. H., Valde-Nowak P.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2018

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vol. LIII

3

Late Neolithic and Bronze Age finds from the High Bieszczady Mountains. Discoveries from 2017-2019

87%

Pelisiak A.

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

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2021

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vol. LVI

87-102

EN

By 2019 more than 70 sites had been discovered in the area of the High Bieszczady Mountains, most of them located within the Połonina Wetlińska massif. The sites discovered in 2017-2019 constitute two groups: sites represented by (1) single artefacts (Wetlina 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, Bukowska Pass, site 1) and (2) small series of artefacts (Wetlina 54, 55, 60, 62). Both groups include artefacts datable to the Late Neolithic and the Bronze Age. Moreover, there are no sufficient grounds to claim homogeneity of assemblages found in Wetlina 54, 55, 60 and 62. It is possible that at least some of these sites could have been used many times during the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. These finds confirm seasonal use of the High Bieszczady for grazing animals, probably within a system similar to the transhumant pastoralism practiced in European mountains.

4

Zakon vlahom (Ius Valachicum) in the charters issued to Serbian medieval monasteries and kanuns regarding Vlachs in the early ottoman tax registers (defters)

75%

Luković M.

Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

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2015

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vol. 22

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issue 1

29-47

PL

The transhumant type of livestock breeding (mostly sheep, sometimes goats) in the Balkans has Old Balkan roots. It was most frequent in the Balkans in the Middle Ages. This type of livestock breeding was pursued by the locals – Vlachs (even before the arrival of the Slavs), as their only professional activity. Over time, it became very popular, being also adopted by the population of Slavic origin. In the Serbian medieval state, as well as in other Balkan Christian states, there were no regulations that would uniformly regulate the position of the Vlachs. Regulations regarding the position of the Vlachs can usually be found in the foundation or donation charters of the monasteries. In the few charters from the first half of 14th century rules regarding the Vlachs were grouped under the common name Zakon Vlahom. Apart from this, common law applied to them as well. In conquering the Christian lands in the Balkans in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Ottoman state initially held certain lands and regions in a vassal status, and the sanjaks were formed following their definite subjugation and the liquidation of the vassal status, within the subjugated lands or regions. After the formation of a particular sanјak a tax list was immediately established, and that is how Ottoman Tax Registers (defters) were created. In each defter of the particular sanјak in the early Ottoman period (second half of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century) there existed a regulation known as kanun, regulating the duties of the Vlachs. They contained rules and legal traditions of common law, that had existed earlier in the territories of the subjugated Balkan Christian states.

5

Przyczyny fragmentaryzacji osadnictwa wołoskiego w rejonach Olimpu i Vermio w XIX i na początku XX wieku

58%

Paszkiewicz J.

Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

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2022

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vol. 29

365-380

EN

The aim of the article is to describe, on the basis of historiography, the evolution of main Vlach settlements located in the Olympus and Vermio regions. All they were created as the results of migrations of the population from the Pindos area at the turn of the 18th and 19th century. The culmination of these movements fell on the second part of the 18th (Olympus) and the first part of the 19th century (Vermio). During the following decades the Vlach enclaves, such as Livadi, Kato Vermio or Xirolivado experienced a gradual fragmentarisation. Although the part of the population continued traditional forms of economic activity and kept in contact with its „native” settlements from the Pindos area, the majority became assimilated with the local Greek population. Vlachs supplied Greek-speaking communities in Veroia, Naoussa, Katerini, abandoned the transhumant economy, traditional dialects and migrated to Romania.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie, na podstawie ustaleń historiografii, ewolucji najważniejszych ośrodków osadnictwa wołoskiego w rejonach Olimpu i Vermio. Umocniły się one w następstwie wędrówek ludności z obszaru Pindosu, w XVIII i XIX wieku. W przypadku Olimpu kulminacja migracji przypadła na drugą połowę XVIII wieku, a w rejonie Vermio na pierwsze trzy dekady XIX wieku. Ukształtowane wówczas enklawy osadnicze, związane z Livadi, Kato Vermio, Xirolivado, w kolejnych dekadach ulegały rozczłonkowaniu. Choć część ludności kontynuowała wcześniejszą działalność ekonomiczną i jeszcze w XIX wieku utrzymywała kontakty z „macierzystymi” osadami z Pindosu, większość uległa asymilacji z Grekami. Wołosi zasilali greckojęzyczne społeczności miejskie w Werii (Veroia), Naoussie i Katerini, rezygnowali z gospodarki transhumancyjnej i tradycyjnego języka oraz migrowali do Rumunii.

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3 Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia

2 Acta Archaeologica Carpathica

1 Brunswig R. H.

1 Jawor G.

1 Luković M.

1 Paszkiewicz J.

1 Pelisiak A.

1 Valde-Nowak P.

1 2022

1 2021

1 2018

1 2016

1 2015

Seasonal pastoral exploitation of forests in the area of Subcarpathia in the 15th and 16th century

Archaeological Reconnaissance Pre-Survey of the Lejowa and Kościeliska Valleys, Tatra National Park, Poland

Late Neolithic and Bronze Age finds from the High Bieszczady Mountains. Discoveries from 2017-2019

Zakon vlahom (Ius Valachicum) in the charters issued to Serbian medieval monasteries and kanuns regarding Vlachs in the early ottoman tax registers (defters)

Przyczyny fragmentaryzacji osadnictwa wołoskiego w rejonach Olimpu i Vermio w XIX i na początku XX wieku