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EN
In the article, the author analyzes a travel account by an Ethiopian dignitary Heruy Wäldä Śəllase in which he notes, among other things, his observations after visiting London, Paris, and Rome. This diary is among the earliest travel narratives written by an African and concerning Europe. While the text has the potential to be a historical source, the article is focused on reconstructing the subjective impressions of the author in the context of his cultural background and the linguistic peculiarities of the document.
PL
The author of the article discusses in a chronological order the literature on Iceland written in Polish starting from the seventeenth-century account of the journey to the island by Daniel Vetter. Most attention is devoted to the accounts created in the second half of the twentieth (reports by Lucjan Wolanowski and Polish sailors) and at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Recent publications are largely based on blog experiences. In quantitative as well as qualitative terms, we observe the perspective of changing the geographical and cultural imagination of Polish literature at the beginning of the 21st century: within the North-South axis one can notice the recently emerging diagonal axis linking Poland with Iceland. It is worth examining this issue in more detail in a while.
EN
One of the key representations of Serbia between the two world wars in British and American travel accounts is the one about a child. Set in the context of Orientalism and postcolonial tradition this representation is usually interpreted as infantilization that reflects the marginalization and symbolic position of Serbia and the Balkans outside the mainstream of world politics and economy. As the academic discourse is mostly occupied with orientalism and postcolonialism, this paper focuses on symbolic and mythological potential of the discourse analysis about Serbia-“the child of Europe.” The paper analyses three forms of infantilization of Serbia in the interwar travel accounts, while each chapter is dedicated to specific form of infantilization: 1. Serbia as an orphan of Europe; 2. Serbs as medieval people (unspoiled by civilization and vital); 3. Their “temperament” reveals cultural, and thus, political immaturity. The analysis is based on Darren Kelsey’s discursive-mythological approach and it draws a conclusion about the interconnection between the child’s image, culture, historical circumstances, internal/external representation and affective archetypes.
EN
This article places into a broader scope of the research over the image of Gdańsk and its inhabitants in chronicles that are carried out by the authoress. It deals with the analysis of the historiographical sources originating from beyond Gdańsk. The majority of chronicles’ excerpts dedicated to Gdańsk deals with its political and trade activity. The authoress is particularly interested in the criteria, put forward by the chroniclers from 15th to 16th c., which decided on Gdańsk’s urban character, or indicated its value as a city and made it worth a visit. It was a period of intense development of this centre. The purpose of the analyses is to, i.a., check whether the contemporary chroniclers observed these changes and how they evaluated them. The issue has not yet been addressed in the literature of the subject. The analyses, referring to Hans Werner-Goetz’s methodology concerning the representations in chronicles (so-called Vorstellungsgeschichte), were carried out on various chronicles, relations and records, i.a. travel records (Gilbert de Lannoy and Mikołaj Wimann), Polish chronicles (Annales by Jan Długosz, chronicles by Bernard Wapowski, Joachim Bielski, Polonia by Marcin Kromer), foreign chronicles Germania by Eneas Silvius Piccolomini, Wandalia by Albert Krantz), or universal chronicles (Cosmographia by Sebastian Münster). The analysis shows that in the first half of the 15th century the contemporaneous authors did not stand out of other towns in the region (Jan Długosz, Gilbert de Lannoy, Eneas Silvius Piccolomini). Their assessment was made while they pondered on the city’s fortifications, geographical location and building material. It was not until the Thirteen Years War (1454–1466) and subsequent expansion of the city that the chronicles of the 16th c. noticed the ongoing change (especially Albrecht Krantz and Sebastian Münster). They described the “civilizational leap” that took place in Gdańsk in short time, namely during the life of one man. In their opinion, the changes were particularly noticeable in the fast pace of replacing wooden buildings with brick ones. The image of Gdańsk in the foreign chronicles does not contain elements of the descriptions of the city characteristic of Gdańsk records, which the authoress analyzed elsewhere – there are no references to specific buildings, streets and squares, that is, the living space of the city’s inhabitants.
DE
Der Artikel gehört in den größeren Zusammenhang der Forschungen, die die Autorin über das Bild der Stadt Danzig und ihrer Einwohner in der Chronistik angestellt hat. Hier geht es um eine Analyse der historiografischen Überlieferungen, die außerhalb der Stadt Danzig entstanden sind. Die klare Mehrheit der Erwähnungen dieser Stadt in den Chroniken war der Aktivität dieses Zentrums in Politik und Handel gewidmet. Vor allem interessieren die Autorin jedoch die Kriterien, die nach den Chronisten vom 15. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert über den städtischen Charakter von Danzig entschieden, d. h. dass sie dieses Zentrum als eine Stadt bewerteten und es für Neuankömmlinge attraktiv machten. Dennn dieses Zentrum machte zu dieser Zeit eine intensive Entwicklung durch. Die Analysen sollen unter anderem zeigen, ob die Zeitgenossen diese Veränderungen wahrnahmen und wie sie sie bewerteten. Dieses Problem wurde in der Literatur bisher nicht behandelt. Die Autorin bezieht sich in ihren Analysen auf die Methodologie von Hans-Werner Goetz zur Analyse sog. Vorstellungen in der Chronistik (sog. Vorstellungsgeschichte). Analysiert wurden auch verschiedene Gattungen von Chroniken, Berichte und Vermerke. Dabei handelt es sich sowohl um Berichte von Reisen, u. a. von Gilbert de Lannoy und Nikolaus Wimann, um polnische Chroniken, z. B. die Jahrbücher von Jan Długosz, die Chroniken von Bernard Wapowski und Joachim Bielski, die Polonia von Marcin Kromer, um ausländische Chroniken wie die Germania des Enea Silvio Piccolomini oder die Wandalia von Albert Krantz sowie um Weltchroniken, z. B. die Cosmographia von Sebastian Münster. Die inhaltliche Analyse der Chronikberichte zeigt, dass sich nach Ansicht der Zeitgenossen Danzig in der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts nicht von anderen Städten in der Region unterschied (Jan Długosz, Gilbert de Lannoy, Piccolomini). Die Urteile bildete man sich bei der Beschreibung von Befestigungen, geografischer Lage und des in der städtischen Bebauung vorherrschenden Baumaterials. Erst der Dreizehnjährige Ktieg (1454–1466) und der darauf folgende Umbau der Stadt führten dazu, dass Chronisten, die im 16. Jahrhundert schrieben, den sich vollziehenden Wandel bemerkten (vor allem Albrecht Krantz und Sebastian Münster). Der „Zivilisationssprung“, der sich in Danzig im Lauf eines Menschenlebens vollzogen hatte, wurde von ihnen bemerkt und beschrieben. Nach ihrer Meinung bestand er in dem schnellen Tempo, in dem die Bebauung aus Holz durch eine aus Stein ersetzt wurde. Das Bild Danzigs in der ausländischen Chronistik enthält nicht die Elemente der Stadtbeschreibung, wie sie in Danziger Aufzeichnungen üblich waren, die die Autorin an anderer Stelle analysiert hat; es fehlt in ihm an Hinweisen auf konkrete Gebäude, Straßen und Plätze, mithin den Lebensraum der Stadtbewohner.
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