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EN
Frances Wright, a British social reformer and feminist, published an account of her American travels: Views of Society and Manners in America in 1821. Wright founded an experimental community in Nashoba, Tennessee, whose aim was to buy black slaves, educate them, and then liberate them. Even though the enterprise turned out to be a failure, the author continued to fight for the cause of black emancipation. My paper examines Wright’s portrayal of America in Views, which, compared to most other early 19th-century British travel accounts, is surprisingly enthusiastic. Wright idealizes the young republic, seeing it as a perfect embodiment of her ideals. I argue that Wright’s vision of the young republic is utopian, and it prevents her from seeing any flaws in the American system. This is especially pronounced in the case of the central problem posed by British travelogues of the era, slavery, which troubles her not so much on moral grounds, but as a blemish on the character of the country of freedom and equality.
EN
The image that Romania has abroad represents, especially from a journalistic perspective, a more and more fashionable topic, although the westerners’ interest in this ‘different’ country is not that recent. What is recent is the self-awareness that Romanians are starting to develop, with regard to the westerners’ opinions, appreciative or deprecatory as they may be. The media play a very important role in the dissemination of national images and are the main provider of clichés and stereotypes. Ethnic groups are stereotyped and ‘otherized’ on the basis of popular media images. However, travel accounts are the literary works that carry imagological messages par excellence. My intention is to illustrate how the media influence the dissemination of images in travel writing and how images in travel writing can be approached through instruments normally used in journalistic discourse analysis
EN
The purpose of this study is to explore Knut Hamsun’s I Æventyrland. Oplevet og drømt i Kaukasien (1903) as a text that interacts with some of the structural elements specific to the genre of travel literature. I have limited the investigation to the writer’s use of comparative rhetoric on a formal level, and to the function of conventional character types, with respect to content. The evaluation of these aspects of the narrative is undertaken with the aim of highlighting Hamsun’s awareness of and engagement with the tradition of travel writing and his talent for challenging its norms.
EN
Elizabeth Grant began writing as a young girl, and, with her sisters, wrote short stories which were published in well-known journals of the period. Her writing provided a necessary income throughout her life. She kept a journal, wrote sketches, travel articles, and short stories, but in Scotland, her best-known work is Memoirs of a Highland Lady, which was first published in 1898 and after several editions remains popular. This paper considers her writing about the Highlands, Ireland and France to examine the creation and performance of her identity as a Highland Lady.
EN
The genre of travel writing is not only informed by an interdisciplinary aesthetic but also involves the description of peoples and the translation/re-presentation/re-interpretation of cultures. This article provides important clues as to how ethnography can be made to function as a legitimate mode of cultural and literary criticism. In doing so, this article seeks to establish that just as the ethnographer’s systematic study of the Other entails the possibility of gaining knowledge about the self, the travel writer’s knowledge of the Other, too, can often lead to a veritable gain in consciousness. Representation of the past or of history so to speak, as well as of the present which springs from that history, form a major preoccupation in Naipaul’s travel writing. To construct the present which, as a temporal category, is fairly problematic insofar as it is ephemeral and ever-fleeting and cannot be described without referring to what was or has been, one must begin with what one believes to be an understanding of the past – of history, per se. This study demonstrates how intensely emotional encounters with pastness inform the ways in which history is developed and narrativized within the discursive field of travel writing.
EN
This paper offers a comparative analysis of travel narratives of two key contemporary writers: Patrick Leigh Fermor and Ryszard Kapuściński. Fermor’s A Time of Gifts: On Foot to Constantinople; From the Hook of Holland to the Middle Danube (1977), Between the Woods and the Water (1986), and The Broken Road (2015) are compared with Kapuściński’s: Imperium (1993), The Shadow of the Sun (1998), and Travels with Herodotus (2007). The figure of a ‘parallax’ is suggested as being crucial in capturing the key similarities between Fermor’s and Kapuściński’s travel narratives. The differences between these narratives are explained in terms of the differences in developments of Anglophone and Polish travel writing traditions.
EN
Published in 1934, Petru Comarnescu’s American journal offers both a fresh take on the Californian milieu of the late 20s and the beginning of the 30s, and open-minded perspectives on the New World. The present paper analyzes how the Romanian intellectual put together the historical, social and cultural pieces of the complex city puzzle in his bold attempt at recreating the atmosphere of the chameleonic metropolis of Los Angeles.
EN
After discussing the limits and potentialities of the definitions of travel writing proposed by Paul Fussell (1980). Patrick Holland and Graham Huggan (1998) and Jan Borm (2004), the article presents a characterization of travel writing both as a genre with a precise rhetorical status, as well as a praxis of knoivledge, which derives from the interplay between travelling and writing. Building on this, a comparison between two Italian travel books and two Italian travel blogs about China is proposed. Specifically, by considering these texts as “intermedial transpositions” (Wolf 2008) that realize the same generic and epistemological matrix (i.e. travel writing), a Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) is conducted in order to assess: 1) how the book and the blog, as different medial formats, interpret the rhetorical features of the travel writing genre: and 2) to what extent the gnoseological and cross-cultural potentials of travel writing, as a praxis of knowledge, is affected by the process of transposition.
Mäetagused
|
2013
|
vol. 54
97-138
EN
Travel accounts were a popular kind of literature among European readers. They had an entertaining, educating and practical function. Travelogues created images for the described countries and nations and, by circulating and translating them, ensured geographically wide spread and persistence in time. The article is aimed at analysing Estonians’ image in the travelogues published in Europe in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries. The majority of European travelogues including descriptions of the Baltic provinces of that period were published as a result of expeditions to Russia, mainly St. Petersburg. The Baltic provinces were hardly ever the autonomous destination of travels. Fourty-two travelogues by European authors including descriptions of Estonian territories were considered. Twenty of these issues completely missed descriptions of indigenous Estonian people; so only twenty-two travelogues were taken under investigation. Imagological method was used to analyse Estonians’ image in these literary works. The descriptions of Estonians dating from the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries bear the imprint of the Enlightenment era. The image of Estonians introduces them as people with limited mental abilities, living in poor conditions due to long-lasting oppression, and prone to vices such as laziness and excessive drinking. By their appearance, Estonians were described as ugly or even savage. Often, they were depicted as slaves who were treated like animals, with no personal willpower. As positive traits, the nation’s poetic mind, beautiful language and noble character originating from the ancient ‘golden’ era have been mentioned. The abolishing of serfdom in Estonia in 1816 and in Livonia in 1819 brought about an essential positive change in Estonians’ image. Similar to earlier times, the travelogues of the second quarter of the 19th century maintained descriptions of indigenous people’s wretched living conditions and sympathetic attitude towards peasants; yet, these were accompanied by discussions about how sensible it was to abolish serfdom, as well as its results and perspectives. Formally, Estonians had been set free; yet, in reality they were not able, willing or capable of realising their freedom. The change was clearly noticeable as compared to the image of a slave prevailing in the 18th century: instead of former hopelessness, positive development became possible.
EN
Adolfo Veber Tkalčević (1825–1889) a Croatian philologist, writer, passionate traveler and a Catholic clergyman is the author of the first Croatian account of the travel to the Croatian “Lake District” Put na Plitvice (Road to Plitvice, 1860). As a travel narrative, this book has a “worldbuilding” potential, introducing the Plitvice Lakes to Croatian culture, to the national landscape. In this article, I focus on the culinary theme of the trip. One of its side goals was savouring the trouts, but throughout the entire trip the tables of wanderers did not want to fill with them, offering the text-forming abundance instead. The journey “around the empty table” is a kind of self-portrait of “explorers” ready for a “heroic” attitude for the common good. Bearing in mind the specificity of Croatian Romanticism, which this work represents, I read the text in a cultural, anthropological and identity context, referring to the classics of discourse, and devoting less attention to travel studies.
EN
Written down in French, the diary of a journey through France and Italy (1784–1786) by Count August Fryderyk Moszyński (1731–1786) – architect, collector, and erudite man, passionate about art and science, an important figure of the Polish Enlightenment, collaborator, and friend of King Stanislaus II Augustus – is a veritable mine of information for the researchers of the 18th century. The aim of this article is to supplement or clarify information on the last weeks of the Count’s life he spent in Padua and Venice, and the circumstances of his death, as well as to find out if he was a promoter of Polish culture when he travelled in the Veneto region. The analysis of his travel diary made it possible to identify elements concerning real or hypothetical links between the culture of Serenissima and that of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as comparisons between the political and cultural life of the two countries. Selected entries from the diary have been juxtaposed with other sources from the period, thanks to which it has been established, among other things, that Moszyński visited Padua on his way to Venice, around 22 May 1786, and returned to that city to watch the horse races at Prato della Valle on 27 June 1786. By using and interpreting archival documents kept in Warsaw and Venice, it was possible to definitely establish the circumstances of the traveller’s death (place, date, cause) and burial (date, location).
IT
Redatto in francese, il diario del viaggio attraverso Francia e Italia (1784–1786) del conte August Fryderyk Moszyński (1731–1786) – architetto, collezionista ed erudito, appassionato di arte e scienze, importante figura dell’Illuminismo polacco, collaboratore e amico del re Stanislao II Augusto – è una vera e propria miniera di informazioni per i ricercatori che si occupano del XVIII secolo. Lo scopo di questo articolo è quello di integrare o chiarire informazioni sulle ultime settimane di vita del conte trascorse a Padova e Venezia, e le circostanze della sua morte, nonché di scoprire se sia stato un promotore della cultura polacca durante il suo viaggio in Veneto. L’analisi del suo diario permette l’identificazione di elementi riguardanti reali o ipotetici legami tra la cultura della Serenissima e quella della Confederazione Polacco-Lituana, così come un confronto tra la vita politica e culturale dei due paesi. Citazioni tratte dal diario sono state rapportate ad altre fonti dell’epoca, grazie alle quali è stato possibile stabilire, tra l’altro, che Moszyński visitò Padova sulla strada per Venezia, intorno al 22 maggio 1786, e tornò in quella città per vedere la gara di cavalli a Prato della Valle il 27 giugno 1786. Documenti d’archivio conservati a Varsavia e a Venezia hanno consentito a loro volta di stabilire con certezza le circostanze della morte (luogo, data, causa) e della sepoltura (data, luogo) del viaggiatore.
EN
Cees Nooteboom reports in Berlijnse notities (Berlin notes) about the events that took place in the period from the beginning of 1989 to June 1990 in West and East Berlin. Nooteboom went to West Germany and did not foresee that the Wall would fall (1989) and that East Berlin would become freely accessible to him. I examine whether it is possible to analyse Berlijnse notities based on the model of Edward M. Bruner. Bruner presented his model in the article “The role of narrative in tourism” (2005) in which he distinguishes pre-tour, on-tour and post-tour narratives. The starting point for him are the narratives that tourists develop before, during and after their trip. The question in this article is whether this model can also be used for a literary journey like Berlijnse notities. Although it produces useful results, Berlijnse notities are too different from the narratives for which Bruner developed his model. A term which Bruner applies, dialogic narration, needs to be studied further.
EN
The travel book as a genre in the British literary tradition has been, for more than two centuries, characterized by the central role of craftily constructed narrative personae of gentlemen/travellers. This paper is an attempt to pinpoint the main similarities and differences in the construction of the narrative personae of three key between-the-wars Oxford graduates, who later became renowned writers Robert Byron, Aldous Huxley and Evelyn Waugh.
EN
The article presents an overview of the issues discussed in Tomasz Ewertowski’s monograph Images of China in Polish and Serbian Travel Writings (1720–1949). It reconstructs the discourse that emerges from the journals as their authors report on their journeys to the Middle Kingdom. The article also analyses the conditioning of the presented attitudes in the context of individual experience. Using imagology-based tools, Ewertowski refers to the mental representations of reality recorded in the text in the form of stereotypically formed ethnotypes. Ewertowski creates a mosaic of the way travellers from the West imagined both Chinese cities and the characteristic features of Far Eastern culture, which is often marked by Eurocentrism and an evaluating attitude towards the Other.
EN
The author presents to the readers a 19th-century account of a journey to the Giant Mountains (Karkonosze mountains). It was written by Stanisław Bełza, who noted down his impressions from a 1893 expedition to the Giant Mountains. The account is examined in its function of both a guidebook and an artistic description of the author’s experiences in the mountains.
EN
Annadashankar Ray’s travelogue Pathe prabāse chronicles the life of an Indian (Bengali) in England and his travels around Europe in late 1920s and it is one the finest examples of travel writing in Bengali in the 20th century. With its rich descriptions of landscapes, everyday life, social order and political phenomena, it creates a consistent image of Europe and paradoxically also paints a certain image of India at the same time. This article aims to analyse such an image and reaches the conclusion that, despite the political changes in India at that time and the rise of the independence movement in particular, Ray’s travelogue depicts a deeply colonial image of the world and of the relationship between modern, technologically and socially advanced Europe and India that still has much to learn from much better developed nations.
EN
Reunified in 1861, Italy appeared on the international scene almost ready to rush into the scramble for the last outposts of the world not yet explored or conquered by other nations. Along the path that constructed her colonial discourse, considered as the totality of practices and representations supporting the birth and affirmation of Italian colonialism, particularly interesting are some diaries and travel notes written by Navy mariners, busy in oceanic campaigns and circumnavigations in the twenty years preceding the first African settlement. Indeed, these texts show us the dialectical intercourse between the marvel of new encounters and its domestication through the memory of personal and socio−cultural experiences, and, in particular, how the Italian mental attitude on men and lands of the time was influenced by an introspective and affective projection bound to preexisting visions of territory and agriculture. Moreover, the comparison of specific senses of places with the yet to be defined space and the men who inhabit it partakes to the process of selection and emphasis of the Italian national traits, delineating a sense of place of the entire Italian Nation.
EN
Put na Plitvice (The Road to Plitvice, 1860) is the first of the travelogue in Croatian language describing an expedition to the Croatian Lake District. The work of art is of significant “world-creating” and “culture-creating” value, introducing the Plitvice Lakes into the Croatian national text and into the national landscape, hence the biblical allusion in the title. It will therefore be a world-creating narrative, of bringing into existence and therefore giving a symbolic dimension of the work of art.I focus on the landscape-painting aspects of the text, understanding landscape as the manner of constructing and formulating the world, as a way of perceiving and incorporating it into cultural traditions. It is therefore rough, monumental, wild like a traversed space, which should be included in the category of picturesque and sublimity. Veber’s representation of nature illustrates how it was seen at the time within the framework of the national-revival programmes
EN
Northeast China as a Contact Zone in Polish and Serbian Travelogues, 1900-1939Historically, Northeast China (Manchuria) was a border zone between China and nomadic peoples, as well as between Russian and Qing empires since the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century, a number of factors (penetration by foreign powers, collapse of the Qing Empire, revolution in Russia, Japanese expansion and demographic changes) transformed this area into “a contact zone” in the sense given by Mary Louise Pratt. The main focus of the article is the way in which this contact zone was described by Polish and Serbian travellers. Their can provide a special outlook, because Poland and Serbia did not participate extensively in the colonial penetration into China, however, Serbs and Poles travelled there, often representing Russian institutions. Therefore they were observing China as agents of imperial force, but they did not identify themselves fully with it. Our analysis of the image of Northeast China as a contact zone will be divided into three broad sections: 1) political and military expansion, 2) economic and demographic relations, 3) transcultural phenomena of everyday life. Chiny Północno-Wschodnie jako strefa kontaktu w polskich i serbskich relacjach podróżniczych w latach 1900-1939Północno-wschodnie Chiny (Mandżuria) są historyczną granicą między Chinami a ludami wędrownymi, od siedemnastego wieku również między Rosją a imperium dynastii Qing. W drugiej połowie dziewiętnastego wieku, a zwłaszcza w pierwszej połowie dwudziestego szereg czynników (penetracja przez obce mocarstwa, upadek dynastii Qing, rewolucja w Rosji, ekspansja japońska i zmiany demograficzne) uczyniły z tego obszaru „strefę kontaktu” w rozumieniu Mary Louise Pratt. Głównym tematem artykułu jest sposób opisu strefy kontaktu przez polskich i serbskich podróżników. Ich dzieła dają bowiem szczególną perspektywę, gdyż Polska i Serbia nie uczestniczyły w kolonialnej penetracji Chin, jednakże Serbowie i Polacy podróżowali do Państwa Środka, często reprezentując rosyjskie instytucje. Z tego względu obserwowali Chiny jako reprezentanci imperium, jednak nie identyfikowali się z nim w pełni. Analiza obrazu północno-wschodnich Chin jako strefy kontaktu dzieli się na trzy sekcje: 1) ekspansja polityczna i militarna, 2) relacje ekonomiczne i demograficzne, 3) zjawiska transkulturowe w życiu codziennym.
EN
The review presents the monograph Travel, Modernism and Modernity, written by British scientist Robert Burden, published in 2015. The purpose of Burden’s book was mainly to develop and analyze meanings of modernistic travel writing. Fundamental for his studies were literary and non-literary works written by five British and American writers: Joseph Conrad (1957–1924), Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970), David Herbert Lawrence (1885–1930), Henry James (1843–1916) and Edith Wharton (1862–1937). Their works have repeatedly been the object of interest of literary scholars. However, what distinguishes Burden’s work from the other analyzes, is very broad contextual perspective. Burden elaborately presents the main characters of his book, emphasizes the importance of autobiographical themes in their texts (not only those related to traveling), contextually analyzes their works in historical, sociological and psychological context. What is connecting selected texts is not only the journey – in fact, the whole study is devoted to pointing out parallels, correspondences, as well as original features, specific, significant differences in the writing of five English-language authors. The discussed book appears as a great summary of previous views, at the same time it offers an interesting thoughts about the archetypical motif of traveling, wandering, searching for a place and human identity (both: individual and national). Although the texts described in Burden’s work were written at the beginning of the twentieth century, it seems that the author’s investigations are extremely relevant also nowadays.
PL
Recenzja prezentuje monografię Travel, Modernism and Modernity, autorstwa brytyjskiego badacza Roberta Burdena, wydaną w 2015 roku. Głównym celem omawianej pracy jest ponowne odkrycie i dogłębne przeanalizowanie modernistycznego pisarstwa podróży. Podstawą rozważań Burdena są literackie i nieliterackie teksty brytyjskich i amerykańskich pisarzy: Josepha Conrada (1957–1924), Edwarda Morgana Forstera (1879–1970), Davida Herberta Lawrence’a (1885–1930), Henry’ego Jamesa (1843–1916) i Edith Wharton (1862–1937). Ich dzieła stawały się już wielokrotnie przedmiotem analizy historyków i teoretyków literatury – to, co odróżnia pracę Burdena od rozważań innych badaczy, to przede wszystkim szerokie, kontekstowe ujęcie ich twórczości. Burden prezentuje sylwetki pisarzy, podkreśla rolę inspiracji autobiograficznych w ich pisarstwie, analizuje je w kontekście historycznym, społecznym i psychologicznym. Motyw podróży nie jest jedynym elementem łączącym poszczególne teksty omawiane przez Burdena – cała jego książka poświęcona jest wyszukiwaniu paraleli i korespondencji, a także elementów oryginalnych, wyróżniających twórczość każdego z pięciorga anglojęzycznych autorów. Omawiane studium należy potraktować jako doskonałe podsumowanie wcześniejszych ujęć, jednocześnie oferujące interesujące rozważania m.in. na temat archetypicznego motywu podróży, wędrówki i poszukiwania – zarówno miejsca, jak i tożsamości (indywidualnej oraz narodowej). Pomimo że teksty omawiane przez Burdena powstawały na początku XX wieku, trudno oprzeć się wrażeniu, iż rozważania autora omawianej monografii są niezwykle aktualne również współcześnie.
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