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EN
Trips for children are a great form of revising and arranging information. Another attraction is in games and didactic puzzles using the knowledge of a child he or she acquired during a lesson. Literary education and nature, arts and music can be integrated and they all become a great asset for outings and trips. Trips which are one of the forms of activating children teach independence, team cooperation and respect for nature which is an indispensable element of our life. It is emphasized that the development of a child is supported by various forms of activity provided by family, school environment and age-mates. The activities are enhanced by creative tasks fulfilled by a child in preschool and at early school stage. At all educational stages the trips seem to be the activity allowing children to acquire and revise knowledge. When we prepare children to leave school or preschool we teach them repeatable behavior. Not only do we introduce the topic of the trip but we also teach how to behave in the right way in a forest, botanical garden or a park. We also teach how to cooperate in a group, how to be independent and apprehensive. When we organize a trip we teach children to become “a small explorer”. Each season provides us with interesting observations and allows to see the changes in nature. We can also collect the “objects” which can be used at home, in preschools or at school to create something with children. The collected objects, e.g. chestnuts, acorns or leaves are a perfect material which can be used during arts or technical education. It allows children to create their own souvenirs, ornaments, albums or herbariums. The descriptions of nature give an opportunity to verify them with reality which can be seen during the trips. Word puzzles help also to develop interests and sensibility. Another advantage is teaching the right patterns of behavior in nature. It is concluded that school trips help the pupils to learn about the environment and the world around us. The activity that is fulfilled by creative tasks done by a child allows revising the acquired knowledge, facilitates the process of observation of nature and influences pro-ecologic behavior.
EN
The article presents the history and specifics of Polish travelers traveling to Arabian lands (and Arab travelers to Poland) in the context of benefits (and possible losses) for both societies. Intercultural contact is analysed – how mutual relations (as a result of travelling) and Polish-Arab relations favoured cultural transfer and what forms it took and also how journeys influenced the Arab image in Poland.
PL
Na przestrzeni ostatnich lat Rada WTO ds. Handlowych aspektów praw własności intelektualnej dostrzegła rosnące zaniepokojenie brakiem równowagi między ochroną własności intelektualnej a ochroną interesu publicznego. W szczególności odnosi się to do praw z patentów, które bez odpowiednich wyjątków i ograniczeń ochrony służą przede wszystkim ochronie korporacyjnych interesów przemysłu farmaceutycznego. Jednym z podstawowych środków, które mogą przyczynić się do zwiększenia zdolności reagowania na względy interesu publicznego przy określaniu granic ochrony własności intelektualnej determinujących dostęp do leków, jest możliwie szerokie stosowanie licencji przymusowych. Kolejnym możliwym do wykorzystania instrumentem jest proces interpretacji i implementacji Porozumienia w sprawie handlowych aspektów praw własności intelektualnej (TRIPS). Wspomniany proces winien bowiem służyć nie tylko wyjaśnieniu znaczenia postanowień lub określeniu intencji stron tego traktatu, ale również zmierzać do pogodzenia przyświecających mu konkurencyjnych celów i założeń. Potrzeba interpretacji i wdrażania postanowień Porozumienia TRIPS w sposób chroniący interes publiczny potwierdza obowiązek działania „w sposób sprzyjający dobru społecznemu i gospodarczemu”, o którym mowa w art. 7 Porozumienia. Ponadto art. 8 pozwala na przyjęcie „środków niezbędnych do ochrony zdrowia publicznego i żywienia oraz promowania interesu publicznego w sektorach o zasadniczym znaczeniu dla ich rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego i technologicznego”. Dlatego w kontekście problemu dostępu do leków wymaga podkreślenia istotna rola praw człowieka jako instrumentu zapobiegania nadużywaniu praw własności intelektualnej i przywracania ich równowagi, z uwzględnieniem interesów zarówno beneficjentów ochrony, jak i ogółu społeczeństwa.
EN
Over the past few years the WTO Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights recognized the growing concern over an imbalance between intellectual property and public interest. With regard to health technologies in particular, without sufficient use of balancing exceptions and limitations, patents and related monopoly rights primarily serve to protect corporate interests of the pharmaceutical industry. The broadest possible use of compulsory licenses is one of the essential measures that can contribute to increase in responsiveness to public interest considerations in defining the boundaries of the IP-related components that determine access to medicines. Another instrument is the process of interpretation and implementation of the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS), which aims not only at clarifying the meaning of the provisions or determining the intentions of the parties to this treaty, but sets sights on reconciling its competing objectives. The need to interpret and implement the TRIPS Agreement in a way that protects public interest is confirmed by the obligation of acting “in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare” under Article 7 of the Agreement. Moreover, Article 8 allows to adopt “measures necessary to protect public health and nutrition, and to promote the public interest in sectors of vital importance to their socio-economic and technological development”. Therefore, in the context of the problem of access to medicines, the important role of human rights as an instrument for the prevention of abuse of intellectual property rights and the restoration of their balance, taking into account the interests of both the beneficiaries of protection and the general public, should be emphasized.
EN
Tours and hiking trips were very popular among Galician youth at the end of the 19th century. They were initiated by junior high schools students and university students themselves who wanted to gain experience, knowledge and to spend time in a pleasant way. Such enterprises were supported by the school administration and management of particular secondary school and institutions of higher education, thus acquiring educational and scientifc dimension. The length of such trips varied from several days to several weeks. Trips, on foot, sometimes by train, by horse and cart or by means of rafting, included the territory of Galicia, especially mountain trail in the Carpathian Mountains, the territory of the Habsburg Empire, the countries in southern, northern and western Europe. During the travels, the participants could become familiar with geography, history, economy, morals and the traditions of their own and the neighbouring region.
PL
Objazdy i piesze wędrówki były bardzo popularne w środowisku młodzieży galicyjskiej pod koniec XIX i na początku XX w. Ich inicjatorami byli sami gimnazjaliści i studenci pragnący zdobyć doświadczenie, wiedzę i przyjemnie spędzić czas. Przedsięwzięcia te zyskały wsparcie administracji szkolnej oraz kierownictwa poszczególnych szkół średnich i uczelni wyższych, nabierając edukacyjnego i naukowego wymiaru. Czas tych podróży była różny, od jednego do kilku dni czy tygodni. Wycieczki odbywały się pieszo, czasami koleją, końmi lub jako spływ rzeką. Trasy podróży obejmowały tereny Galicji, zwłaszcza szlaki górskie w Karpatach, terytorium imperium Habsburgów, kraje Europy Południowej, Północnej i Zachodniej. W trakcie podróży ich uczestnicy mogli zapoznać się z geografią, historią, gospodarką, obyczajami i tradycjami swojego i sąsiedniego regionu.
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