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1

Trust and Trustworthiness as Judicial Virtues

100%

Widłak T.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

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2022

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vol. 14

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issue 4

151-166

EN

This article considers the meaning of trust for judicial communication. The central tenet of this analysis is that trust is best conceptualized as a judicial virtue and that it can be most fully explained with aretaic language. This claim is elaborated through, first, making distinctions between trust and reliance, as well as between trust and trustworthiness. Second, exploring the determinants of trustworthiness leads the author to argue for a virtue account of judicial trustworthiness. Third, the article discusses whether and how trust as a particular attitude or propensity may be perceived as a judicial virtue. The argument concludes by considering the relation between trust in judges and trust in justice institutions, such as courts of law.

2

Religious Belief is Not Natural. Why Cognitive Science of Religion Does Not Show That Religious Belief is Trustworthy

100%

Van Eyghen H.

Studia Humana

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2016

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vol. 5

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issue 4

34-44

EN

It is widely acknowledged that the new emerging discipline cognitive science of religion has a bearing on how to think about the epistemic status of religious beliefs. Both defenders and opponents of the rationality of religious belief have used cognitive theories of religion to argue for their point. This paper will look at the defender-side of the debate. I will discuss an often used argument in favor of the trustworthiness of religious beliefs, stating that cognitive science of religion shows that religious beliefs are natural and natural beliefs ought to be trusted in the absence of counterevidence. This argument received its most influential defense from Justin Barrett in a number of papers, some in collaboration with Kelly James Clark. I will discuss their version of the argument and argue that it fails because the natural beliefs discovered by cognitive scientists of religion are not the religious beliefs of the major world religions. A survey of the evidence from cognitive science of religion will show that cognitive science does show that other beliefs come natural and that these can thus be deemed trustworthy in the absence of counterevidence. These beliefs are teleological beliefs, afterlife beliefs and animistic theistic beliefs.

3

Důvěryhodnost politiků jako sociolingvistický fenomén

86%

Chromý J., Dufek O.

Naše společnost (Our Society)

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2012

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vol. 10

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issue 1

29-39

EN

The article is divided into three main parts. In the first part, an overview of scholarly views on trust/trustworthiness is provided. The second part is concerned with the issue of how the politicians’ trustworthiness is measured by contemporary research agencies. In the third part, the experiment on politicians’ trustworthiness utilizing a new method is reported. This method is based on indirect questioning and it builds on the hypothesis that the more trustworthy a politician is, the more people will agree with his statements and consider them seriously. Four parallel questionnaires were employed. The first questionnaire (N=53) contained 10 short fictitious quotations and subjects were asked to rate them according to their solidness, acceptability, and positivity, and they were asked to say to what extent did they agree with them. Five of these quotations were used in the next three questionnaires (N=48;47;42) and the names of five Czech politicians (K. Schwarzenberg, A. Vondra, R. John, V. Filip and B. Sobotka) were attached to them. No name was attached to the same quotation twice. Respondents were divided into four independent groups and each group responded to one questionnaire. The independent two-sample t-test was used for the comparison of the ratings and 20 statistically significant results were obtained. This means the method could be one of the keys for a better future understanding of such a complex notion as the trustworthiness of politicians is.

4

Dangerous, Yet Not So Unique. Characteristics of the Chinese Social Credit System

86%

Pabisiak J.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2020

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issue 3 (49)

30-53

EN

Since 2015, the Social Credit System - an initiative of the government of the People’s Republic of China which aims to strengthen trustworthiness of the business entities and citizens, promote obedience to law and customs, and develop the Communist Party of China’s control over social trends and potential threats to the political stability - has been attracting worldwide attention. International media portrays the System as a mechanism which leads China to totalitarianism and destroys hope for development of the Chinese democratic movement. Therefore, interests of both sides, the West and China, are seen as contradictory. Harmful beliefs like the one that Chinese still export products of poor quality and on the Chinese side that the Western ideals lead to demoralization are common thanks to some sort of Occidental and Oriental propaganda. That is why it is necessary to compile and analyze the known facts regarding the Social Credit System, which in contrast to the media narration turns out to be a tool with interesting capabilities, not necessarily contradictory to the other major civilizations’ values.

5

Problems with Measurement of Trust and Trustworthiness. What Best Predicts Trust Game Outcomes?

72%

Kuźmińska A. O.

Studia i Materiały

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2016

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issue 2/2016 (22), cz.2

119-130

PL

The study (N = 156) explored the predictive power of attitudinal measures of trust and trustworthiness commonly used in surveys, as well as the possibility of replacing them with other instruments. Secondly, it aimed at replicating previous findings (e.g. Gleaser et al., 2000) that cues to other person’s group membership affect trusting and trustworthy behaviour. Subjects filled in a number of questionnaires and took part in the Trust Game in which information about partner’s nationality was manipulated. Analyses demonstrated the lack of correspondence between attitudinal and past behaviour measures of trust and trustworthiness and behaviour in the Trust Game. Trustworthiness was predicted by social desirability measure. No effects of other person’s out-group membership were found in the current study. Cues to identity made participants more trustful and trustworthy towards the other person in comparison to the control condition. The interpretation of the obtained results, as well as the limitations of the study are discussed.

EN

Badanie (N = 156) miało na celu sprawdzenie wartości predykcyjnej kwestionariuszowych miar zaufania w odniesieniu do zachowania w grze oraz możliwości zastąpienia ich przez inne narzędzia. Ponadto celem była replikacja uzyskanych przez innych badaczy wyników, demonstrujących, że informacja o przynależności grupowej drugiej osoby wpływa na ufne i godne zaufania zachowanie w grze. Po wypełnieniu kwestionariuszy, uczestnicy wzięli udział w Grze Zaufania, w której manipulowano informacją na temat przynależności grupowej drugiej osoby. Analiza wyników potwierdziła przewidywania na temat braku związku pomiędzy deklaratywnymi miarami zaufania i zachowaniem w grze. Wiarygodność przewidywała natomiast miara aprobaty społecznej. Wyniki nie potwierdziły negatywnego wpływu informacji o przynależności do grupy obcej na zaufanie i wiarygodność. Obecność informacji o drugiej osobie spowodowała wyższą ufność i wiarygodność w porównaniu do grupy kontrolnej. Dyskusja odnosi się do potencjalnych przyczyn otrzymanych wyników oraz ograniczeń prezentowanego badania.

6

Poziom zaufania i wiarygodność polskich studentów na tle międzynarodowym

71%

Markowska-Przybyła U., Ramsey D. M.

Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny

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2017

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vol. 79

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issue 2

199-213

EN

This article presents the results of an experimental research carried out in Poland on selected aspects of social capital. These aspects were trust and trustworthiness. Our research was conducted on a total of 1540 students at universities in 16 Polish cities, capitals of 16 administrative regions, and was based on a commonly used experimental game termed the ‘Trust Game’. These results were compared with the results of studies performed in many other countries all over the world. It has been found that with regard to the proportion of money returned by Player B (a measure of trustworthiness), Poles (and more generally, those from Central and Eastern Europe) do not significantly differ from other countries belonging to Western culture (Oceania, Western Europe, North America). Based on the proportion of the money transferred by Player A (a measure of generalised trust), there is only a weak indication that Poles are less trusting than other Europeans.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań eksperymentalnych nad wybranymi aspektami kapitału społecznego w Polsce na tle innych państw. Analizowane są w nim aspekty: zaufania i wiarygodności. W artykule porównano wyniki badań opartych na typowej grę eksperymentalną (grę „zaufanie”), w tym polskie badania autorów przeprowadzone na grupie 1540 studentów w 16 miastach – stolicach regionów Polski. Wyniki badań wskazują, że względem proporcji pieniędzy oddanych przez gracza B (miara wiarygodności), Polacy (oraz ogólnie mieszkańcy Europy Centralnej/Wschodniej) nie różnią od osób z kultury zachodniej (Oceania, Europa Zachodnia, Ameryka Północna). Biorąc pod uwagę proporcję pieniędzy przekazanych przez gracza A (miara zaufania), istnieją słabe tylko dowody, że Polacy przekazują mniejszą część (czyli są mniej ufni) niż pozostali Europejczycy.

7

Trust and trustworthiness of women and men in decision-making processes in conditions of stress

58%

Markowska-Przybyła U.

Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu

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2021

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vol. 65

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issue 2

72-86

EN

The article presents research on the influence of stress on making decisions, the importance of which is based on trust and trustworthiness. In particular, it also applies to the gender factor, as research shows that the reactions of women and men are different. The role of women in management processes is constantly growing, and the recognition of the reaction to stressful situations accompanying the decision-making process is noteworthy and little recognized in terms of trust and trustworthiness. The research used the theory-based experiment method and the questionnaire method, which made it possible to assess the intentional-behavioural gap, i.e. the assessment of the convergence of the declaration with the observation; 199 people (students of management) were subject of the study. The research results do not indicate the fragility of trust and credibility in the context of stress, nor do they show significant differences in changes in trust and credibility between women and men in response to stress. However, they indicate the need for the cautious use of the survey tool in the examination of trust and trustworthiness.

PL

Artykuł prezentuje badania nad wpływem stresu na podejmowanie decyzji, dla których znaczenie mają zaufanie i wiarygodność. W szczególności odnosi się do czynnika płci, ponieważ badania wskazują, że reakcje kobiet i mężczyn bywają odmienne. Rola kobiet w zarządzaniu nieustannie rośnie, zatem warto zbadać ich reakcje na sytuacje stresowe towarzyszące precesom decyzyjnym. W badaniu wykorzystano metodę eksperymentu teoriogrowego oraz metodę ankietową. Zastosowanie dwóch metod umożliwiło ocenę luki intencjonalno-behawioralnej, czyli ocenę zbieżności deklaracji z obserwacją. Badaniu poddano 199 osób (studentów zarządzania). Wyniki badań nie wskazują na niestabilność zaufania i wiarygodności w reakcji na stres ani na istotne różnice zachowań między kobietami a mężczyznami. Potwierdzają natomiast potrzebę ostrożnego sięgania po narzędzie ankietowe w badaniu zaufania i wiarygodności.

8

The dilemmas of trustworthiness in science

58%

Sztompka P.

Nauka

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2022

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issue 3

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