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EN
William James’s philosophy has been treated as relativistic and sceptical, as a distortion of truth and rationality. In that way a lot of important elements crucial for understanding his philosophy have been overlooked. However, according to James, our cognition is not relativistic, because there is no room in his philosophy for a traditionally understood dichotomy between a knowing subject and a perceived object. We are all plunged into the stream of experience, and it is in it that we can find an overall picture of our world and our reality. We participate in the plurality of phenomena; we are surrounded by the plurality of things. Our world is continuous, and therefore it is continuously in the process of creation. In short, for James, the world is not a subjective construct created by human beings and his epistemology is closely related to his metaphysics to the point at which it is difficult to consider the distinction between the two. To present these crucial aspects of William James’s philosophy in the most meticulous way possible, this essay, will try to clear up doubts concerning James’s concept of Radical Empiricism, truth, and his understanding of pluralism, as well as the categories of synechism and tychism.
PL
Podstawową cechą antropologii filozoficznej Wolniewicza jest natywizm radykalny. Człowiek zaczyna się w chwili poczęcia, czyli od powstania zygoty. W tym momencie powstają in potentia wszystkie jego główne cechy, te, które go determinują i określają jego tożsamość, jak np.: ekspansja życiowa i sprzężona z nią dynamika, charakter, inteligencja, temperament, sumienie, religijne poruszenie duszy, język, wspólnotowość, słuch muzyczny, płeć, grupa krwi, prawo- lub leworęczność, różne cechy fizyczne (np. wzrost, kolor oczu, kolor włosów, uroda) oraz percepcja niektórych cech natury ludzkiej. Antropologię filozoficzną Wolniewicza cechuje m.in.: radykalny natywizm, nonmelioryzm, tychizm, woluntatyzm, teoria walki, organiczność języka, organiczność religii, wspólnotowość człowieka, predestynacja sumienia.
EN
The basic feature of Wolniewicz’s philosophical anthropology is radical nativism. A man comes into being at their conception, that is, from the creation of a zygote. In potentia, all their main features, which determine them and define their identity, arise at this moment. They include: life expansion and its associated dynamics, character, intelligence, temperament, conscience, religious movement of the soul, language, sense of community, musical hearing, sex, blood type, right- or left-handedness, various physical characteristics (e.g. height, eye colour, hair colour, beauty), perception of some features of human nature, etc. Philosophical anthropology according to Wolniewicz is characterized, among others, by radical nativism, non-meliorism, tychism, voluntarism, organic nature of language, organic nature of religion, human sense of community, conscience predestination.
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