Search results - CEJSH

1

Pierre Schaeffer’s Attempt to Create a Method of Electro-acoustic Music Analysis

100%

Lech M.

Kwartalnik Młodych Muzykologów UJ

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2017

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issue 2(33) Eng

100-123

EN

Since the middle of the 20 th century, electro-acoustic music has become very important in the contemporary music landscape. Electronic elements have forced researchers focused on electro-acoustic music to develop analytical methods. Pierre Schaeffer was a pioneer in systematization of new sounds. His achievements in this area are fundamental, serving nowadays as a reference point for dynamically developing new concepts of electro-acoustic music analysis. The popularization of Pierre Schaeffer’s method in Poland began with Włodzimierz Kotoński who partially translated Traité des objets musicaux into Polish. In his Traité, Pierre Schaeffer coined one of the most important terms, i.e. a sound object, which is a unit of electro-acoustic music. A sound object is related to reduced listening and is purely perception-oriented. By using a sound object in the context of music, the composer creates a music object. Schaeffer’s goal in creating an analytical method was to design a new language which could be used in a discussion of “non-classical” sounds. In 1966 Schaeffer introduced his PROGREMU Programme de la Recherche Musicale, which covers the following five stages of musical research: typology, morphology, characterology, analysis, synthesis. In typology and morphology sound objects are isolated from the context, then classified and described—it is a detailed stage of unit systematization. In the next step, sounds are grouped in genres according to their character. Sound objects are analyzed and specified in their musical context. With this information, the composer can make a new musical object. Each stage has its specific function; however, musical composition maintains its primary role. Schaeffer’s method is dynamic in character and it is constantly developed because of new sounds.

2

Access Paths: On Popular Women’s Literature and Criticism

100%

Nowacki D.

Tematy i Konteksty

|

2020

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issue 1

395-404

EN

Referring to critical statements that have appeared during the last few years, the author discusses ways of commenting on popular literature penned byfemale authors. One may distinguish five types of comments, 1) Appropriation (Aneksja), employed when a popular novel is included in the socially important literature referring to pressing and alarming problems (e.g. domestic violence). 2) Playing with convention (Gra z konwencją), based on pinpointing both grotesque and ironic elements and, above all, metaliterary signals in popular novels. 3) Adherence to tradition (Zgodnie z tradycją), best represented in the secondary literature, either through a poetologic approach (structural analyses) or approaches inspired by feminist criticism. 4) Exhortation to pay close attention (Dobrze się wschłuchać), focused on the approaches suggested by other fields, e.g. how popular women’s literature is read by sociologists. 5) Focus on emotions and excess (Emocje i zbytek), based on emotional and therapeutic research on the perception styles of popular literature. In this case, one focuses not on popular women’s fiction, but on the way it influences the readers’ emotions.

3

La organización de los sistemas temporales del espanol y del polaco: análisis contrastivo de los tiempos verbales

100%

Nowikow W.

Studia Iberystyczne

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2012

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vol. 11

119-134

EN

The paper discusses differences between Polish and Spanish tense systems. It takes into account parameters such as the quantity and the systemic organization of time (temporary relationship and reference), the existence of the compound tenses subsystem, temporal mono- and biaxiality; dislocation (displacement) of tenses. The comparison is performed by considering the typological differences between Spanish and Polish languages.

4

Pierre’a Schaeffera próba stworzenia metody analizy muzyki elektroakustycznej

100%

Lech M.

Kwartalnik Młodych Muzykologów UJ

|

2017

|

issue 2(33)

101-124

EN

Since the middle of the 20th century, electro-acoustic music has become very important in the contemporary music landscape. Electronic elements have forced researchers focused on electro-acoustic music to develop analytical methods. Pierre Schaeffer was a pioneer in systematization of new sounds. His achievements in this area are fundamental, serving nowadays as a reference point for dynamically developing new concepts of electro-acoustic music analysis. The popularization of Pierre Schaeffer’s method began with Włodzimierz Kotoński who partially translated Traite des objets musicaux into Polish. In his Traite, Pierre Schaeffer coined one of the most important terms, i.e. a sound object, which is a unit of electro-acoustic music. A sound object is related to reduced listening and is purely perception-oriented. The composer, by using a sound object in the context of music creates a music object. Schaeffer’s goal in creating an analytical method was to design a new language which could be used in a discussion of “non-classical” sounds. In 1966 Schaeffer introduced his PROGREMU Programme de la Recherche Musicale, which covers the following five stages of musical research: typology, morphology, characterology, analysis, synthesis. In typology and morphology sound objects are isolated from the context, then classified and described – it is a detailed stage of unit systematization. In the next step, sounds are grouped in genres according to their character. Sound objects are analyzed and specified in their musical context. With this information, the composer can make a new musical object. Each stage has its specific function; however, musical composition maintains its primary role. Schaeffer’s method is dynamic in character and it is constantly developed because of new sounds.

5

Global optimization and complexity trade-offs

100%

Sinnemäki K.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2014

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vol. 50

|

issue 2

179-195

EN

It is sometimes assumed in research on language complexity that if languages tended towards some optimal level of global complexity, so that all languages would be roughly equally complex, then local complexity trade-offs should be a general principle in language. Drawing evidence from computer simulations I show that in equally complex systems the proportion of trade-offs (significant negative correlations) is higher than in random systems but far from being a general principle in language. In addition, it may be impossible to determine whether a certain correlation-set comes from random systems or equally complex systems. Based on these results a correlational approach on a handful of typological variables cannot be used to validate, or even falsify, the assumption that all languages are equally complex and, therefore, complexity trade-offs should be kept separate from that assumption. The typological distribution of complexity, drawn from the World Atlas of Language Structures, is further shown to differ from both random systems and equally complex systems.

6

Tocharians Who They Were, Where They Came From And Where They Lived

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Blažek V., Schwarz M.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2008

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vol. 50

47-74

EN

In 2008 one century will be passed after the recognition of inhabitants of Tang’s Chinese Turkestan as speakers of until that time unknown original branch of Indo-European languages. So the eastern border of the Indo-European pre-colonial space passed even the 90th meridian eastwards from Greenwich (to be exact, in the same time also Indo-Iranian peoples overpassed this line in the area of contemporary Bangladesh and the Indian confederative state of Assam). Tocharians kept their Indo-European identity not only by their long trans-continental drift through Eurasia, but still some thousands years after their arrival to the Chinese border. Interesting is that they didn’t yield Chinese cultural and linguistic assimilation; on the contrary, the ancestors of Tocharians brought to the early Chinese civilization achievements from field of technology (war chariot), food (honey), knowledge of some exotic animals (lion) and religion (especially buddhism). Situation of the 9th (or 10th?) century, when the Tocharians became to disappear from the history of Central Asia, remains in darkness of informational vacuum. The only thing that we certainly know is that they didn’t yield sinization, but vanished away in expansion of the Turkic nations, represented in this area by Old Uyghurs.

7

Delimitation of landscape units treated as estimation fields in the modelling of a landscape system

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Richling A., Malinowska E., Szumacher I.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2013

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vol. 17

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issue 4

13-20

EN

The main objective of this paper is to represent the hierarchical structure of an environment by using two concepts: typology and regionalization. The Płock Region (1,766.95 sq. km) and transect crossing this area (796.2 sq. km) is the research location. It was divided into 710 individual landscape units (319 in the transect border). The existing physical-geographical regionalization, including macro-, meso- and micro-regions, was elaborated using a deductive (top-down) method, which was supplemented by a more detailed regionalization, obtained by an inductive (bottom-up) method called analysis of borders (Richling 1976). The study area was divided into more detailed sub-regions: first-level regions (87 units), second-level regions (36 units) and third-level regions (9 units). In fact, the landscape structure of third-level regions is similar to micro-regions. This is proof of the complementary nature of the two approaches – deductive and inductive regionalization, and the hierarchical landscape structure.

8

Is the Taxon of Altaic Languages Natural or Artificial?

100%

Tambovtsev Y.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2009

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vol. 51

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issue 1

133-154

EN

The article considers if the taxon of Altaic languages natural enough to call it a good classification. The more compact a taxon, the more natural it is. The article deals with the peculiarities of functioning of labial consonants in the languages of the Altaic language unity and the peculiarities of functioning of labial consonants in subgroups, groups, families and other language taxa of world languages. The analysis is made with the help of such statistical methods as the coefficient of variance, the confidence interval, Chi-square and t-test. The linguistic conclusions on the similarity of functioning of labial consonants are made on the basis of the statistical criteria. It is possible to establish the typological distances between some language taxa (Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Tungus-Manchurian, Slavonic, etc.) on the values of the t-test.

9

The alchemy of human variation: Race, ethnicity and Manoiloff's blood reaction

100%

Naidoo N., Štrkalj G., Daly T.

Anthropological Review

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2007

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vol. 70

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issue 1

37-43

EN

This paper examines the research on race determination conducted by Russian biochemist E.O. Manoiloff in the 1920s. Manoiloff claimed to have discovered a method which detected racial identity of an individual by a simple chemical reaction performed on a subject's blood sample. The method was published in one of the leading anthropological journals and it was not questioned for some time. It is obvious today that Manoiloff's claims were nothing short of ridiculous. The present study, based on the experimental history of sciences, tries to elucidate Manoiloff's procedures and reasons for his ‘success’. His experiments were repeated using both original and modern equipment. It has been demonstrated that Manoiloff's procedures, although rigorous at first glance, were highly arbitrary and methodologically flawed. It would appear that the socio-political and scientific contexts of the early twentieth century which favoured belief in the existence of clearly distinguishable racial types played a crucial role in the initial positive response to Manoiloff's research.

PL

Artykuł omawia metodę badań przynależności rasowej ludzi, jakie prowadził w latach 20. ubiegłego wieku rosyjski biochemik E.O. Manoiloff. Badacz ten twierdził, że odkrył sposób określania "rasy" osobnika przy użyciu prostych reakcji chemicznych wykonanych w próbce jego krwi. Z dzisiejszej perspektywy pomysł Manoiloffa wydaje się po prostu śmieszny, jednak na początku XX w. sprawę tę traktowano całkiem poważnie. Metoda, o której mowa, została opublikowana wAmerican Journal of Physical Anhropology, jednym z najważniejszych amerykańskich czasopism antropologicznych i przez długi czas pozostawała niezakwestionowana.W przedstawianym artykule autorzy omawiają historię "odkrycia" Manoiloffa i późniejszej jego falsyfikacji z wykorzystaniem nowoczesnej aparatury i metod. Badania Manoiloffa są charakterystycznym przykładem słabości rozwijanej w początkach XX w nauki o rasach, kiedy to, ze względu na stan wiedzy przyrodniczej i warunki socjo-polityczne, nawet tak absurdalne wyniki spotkały się początkowo z pozytywną reakcją środowiska naukowego.

10

Typologia form naczyń kultury pucharów lejkowatych z obszaru Dolnego Śląska

100%

Dreczko E.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2016

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vol. 64

5-28

EN

The lack of a unified system of description of vessels types of the Funnel Beaker culture in Lower Silesia means that heterogeneous terminology prevents precise classification of ceramic forms found at sites of the culture. The paper presents a proposition of a classification of vessels types of the Funnel Beaker culture developed on the basis of analyses of artefacts from Lower Silesian sites. It has been constructed in a way that enables its complement in case of new discoveries, not falling within the present scope.

11

Other-initiated repair across languages: towards a typology of conversational structures

100%

Dingemanse M., Enfield N. J.

Open Linguistics

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2014

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vol. 1

|

issue 1

EN

This special issue reports on a cross-linguistic study of other-initiated repair, a domain at the crossroads of language, mind, and social life. Other-initiated repair is part of a system of practices that people use to deal with problems of speaking, hearing and understanding. The contributions in this special issue describe the linguistic resources and interactional practices associated with other-initiated repair in ten different languages. Here we provide an overview of the research methods and the conceptual framework. The empirical base for the project consists of corpora of naturally occurring conversations, collected in fieldsites around the world. Methodologically, we combine qualitative analysis with a comparative-typological perspective, and we formulate principles for the cross-linguistic comparison of conversational structures. A key move, of broad relevance to pragmatic typology, is the recognition that formats for repair initiation form paradigm-like systems that are ultimately language-specific, and that comparison is best done at the level of the constitutive properties of these formats. These properties can be functional (concerning aspects of linguistic formatting) as well as sequential (concerning aspects of the interactional environment). We show how functional and sequential aspects of conversational structure can capture patterns of commonality and diversity in conversational structures within and across languages.

12

On Typology of Polish and French Imperfective

100%

Karolak M.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2010

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vol. 52

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issue 2

67-77

EN

The aim of this paper is to present a typology of Polish imperfective past tense forms in the factual use for the purpose of creating a set of guidelines for their translation into French language. Although descriptions of factual imperfective aspect is not new to linguistics, both Polish and international, equivalence of its forms in other languages pose problems to foreigners and native speakers alike. This is especially true in French, where Polish past imperfective forms could be expressed by a number of past tenses. In order to proceed with our task we are going to adopt a classification of Polish imperfective verbal forms based on the following criteria: general factual meaning or specific (concrete) factual meaning as a primary measure and imperfective or perfective intention of the imperfective form as a secondary measure. Such systematization of the phenomenon in Polish will allow us to formulate guidelines of equivalence with French past tenses.

13

The Sounds of Europe

100%

Stolz T., Urdze A., Otsuka H.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2011

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vol. 53

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issue 1

87-108

EN

This article is meant to demonstrate not only that it is possible technically but that it also makes sense linguistically to study phonological phenomena in a pan-European perspective. To prove our point, we employ the current comparative methodology associated with the framework of typologically-inspired areal linguistics. The data are evaluated quantitatively. We focus on the classes of velar and post-velar fricatives with phoneme status. Our investigation is based empirically on data drawn from a sample of 157 contemporary varieties spoken in Europe. Our results are indicative of a non-random distribution of the above classes of phonemes. Genetic, typological and areal factors are discussed as potential explanations of the observed geo-linguistic distribution of velar and post-velar fricatives on European soil. The general conclusion we draw is that it is high time to develop a research program which is dedicated to the continent-wide in-depth study of the phonological make-up of Europe.

14

Glottochronological Classification of Oromo Dialects

100%

Blažek V.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2010

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vol. 52

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issue 2

27-42

EN

The purpose of the present article is the classification of the Oromo dialect continuum. Firstly, the previous attempts are discussed. As a method the so-called ‘recalibrated glottochronology’ developed by Sergei Starostin was applied. The results confirm the mutual relation of the ‘mainstream’ dialects, Maca, Qottu and Borana. In the case of more peripheral dialects the differences are bigger in comparison with the ‘impressionistic’ model sketched in Ethnologue16 (Bender compared only those three dialects). The reason probably consists in the chosen method: although it is not explicitly said in Ethnologue16, the classification used combines the qualitative and geographical approaches, contrary to the present model based on strictly quantitative principles.

15

Wielonurtowość polonistycznych badań językoznawczych. Próba typologii

100%

Pastuch M.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

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2016

|

issue 2(18)

135-144

EN

The article aims at creating a schema that can be used to structure Polonistic linguistic research. The author suggests basic categories, such as METHODOLOGY and METHOD, SUBJECT and SOURCES. Each category, though derived from a different area has specific and relevant information. Each research project described according to such categories would be clearly depicted and placed in an appropriate position within Polonistic linguistics.

16

Euphony in World Languages

100%

Tambovtsev Y.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2010

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vol. 52

|

issue 1

99-111

EN

There are many languages in the world but every language has its own sound picture. By the sound picture of a language we mean the distribution of its speech sounds in the speech sound chain. It is very interesting to find the languages which are melodical or euphonic and which are not. Melodicity or euphony is the total of the vowels and sonorant consonants in the speech sound chain of a language. It is also possible to call this total the vocalo-sonorant quotient. Thus, the degree of melodicity is the value of this quotient.Vowels and sonorant consonants constitute the vocalo-sonorant structure of the sound picture of any language. We take into consideration the basic features of sound classes and groups. The basic features consist of the frequency of occurrence of vowels and sonorant consonants in the speech chain. These basic features may be found in any world language. This is why, melodicity is one more language universal. Analysing the value of melodicity, one can construct the typology of distribution of language taxa according to this universal characteristic.Austronesian languages have a great concentration of vowels in the speech sound chain (e.g. maximum - 65.24% in Hawaiian and 69.75% in Samoan).Vocalo-sonorant quotient turned out to be bigger in the following language taxa: Sino-Tibetan family (Burmese - 75.67%), Bantu (Swahili - 76.29%), Afro-Asian family (Neo-Aramaic - 81.47%), Austronesian family (Hawaiian - 83.29%), languages of Australian aboriginals - Nunggubuyu - 85.14%). It means that 85.14% of the Nunggubuyu speech sound chain consists of vowels and sonorant consonants.On the other hand, some of the world languages have the minimum of the concentration of vowels. So, in the Itelmen language (Paleo-Asiatic family) vowels comprise only 32.61%.Let us consider the minimum of the vocalo-sonorant quotient. Thus, in the Adygian language (Caucasian family) this quotient reaches only 54.07%.It should be mentioned that on the average the Caucasian language family has a rather low vocalo-sonorant quotient - 61.66%. The ordered series of the average of the vocalo-sonorant quotient in different language taxa is the following: Baltic group of Indo-European family - 62.76%; Iranian group of the Indo-European family - 63.95%); Slavonic group - 64.64%; Germanic - 64.78%; Samoyedic family - 65.16%; Finno-Ugric family - 65.57%; Mongolic family - 66.06%; Balkan language unity - 66.18%; Indic group of the Indo-European family - 66.77%; Turkic family - 66.99%; Paleo-Asiatic family - 67.58%; Sino-Tebetan family - 67.63%; Roman group of I-E family - 68.57%; Afro-Asiatic family - 68.96%; Manchu-Tungusic family - 69.54%; Austronesian family - 73.16%; Bantu - 73.40%; Languages of Australian aboriginals - 80.51%.Melodicity, i.e. the total of vowels and sonorant consonants, may be considered a language universal.

17

On the Origin of the Lithuaniantačiaũ‘But, However, Yet’

100%

Ostrowski N.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2011

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vol. 53

|

issue 2

75-81

EN

The present study is intended as a further contribution to our knowledge of the origin of the Lithuanian connective tačiaũ ‘but, however, yet’. Of two existing so far etymologies we speak in explanation of Pranas Skardžius. In his opinion tačiaũ traces back to the combination of deictic pronoun tat ‘this, that’ and postpositioned particle jau, strictly speaking jau functioning as an ‘emphatic assertion of identity’. Typological data presented below support such a possibility.

18

Typological Distance Between Korean And The Other Languages Of Asia

100%

Tambovtsev Y.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2008

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vol. 50

177-186

EN

The present typological study of the Korean language is based on the frequency of occurrence of consonants in comparison to sound chains of various languages of Asia. The article deals with the typological distances between Korean and some languages of Asia from the point of view of the frequency of occurrence of consonants in the speech sound chain, which creates the sound picture of any language. Actually, the chosen 8 phonetic features (labial, front. palatal, velar, sonorant, occlusive, fricative and voiced) are the most informative from the phonetic point of view, since they cover all the three main classifications of consonants: 1) the classification from the point of view of the work of the active organ of speech production, which is often called the place of articulation; 2) the classification by the manner of articulation; 3) the classification by the work of vocal cords. It was discovered that some languages are closer to Japanese and some to Korean. Though Japanese and Korean are considered isolated languages, Turkic languages are closer to Korean than the other languages. In fact, such Turkic languages as Tatar-Baraba (5.20), Turkish (5.64), Ujgur (5.70), Tatar-Chulym (6.24), Dolgan (7.31), Tatar-Crimean (7.71), Tatar-Kazan (7.53), Jakutian (7.58) are closer to Korean than Japanese (7.88). Therefore one can come to the conclusion, that those linguists who place Korean in to the Altaic language unity are quite correct.

19

Proto-Indo-European Ergativity… Still to be Discussed

100%

Bavant M.

Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics

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2008

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vol. 44

|

issue 4

433-447

EN

Since Uhlenbeck's seminal article ("Agens und Patiens im Kasussystem der indogermanischen Sprachen", 1901) many scholars have accepted the hypothesis of an ergative case in Proto-Indo-European (PIE) given the light it could shed on obscure facts discovered by the comparatist school inside the IE family. The Soviet linguistic school has been particularly active on ergativity in relation with their interests for living languages of the Caucasus and for ancient languages of the Middle East. More recent works on ergativity have shifted the focus to Australian languages. When the theory of language universals took ergativity into consideration, scholars began to seek an explanation of the so-called "split ergativity" in relation with Silverstein's animacy hierarchy. A sequel of this was that the kind of split ergativity demonstrated by PIE seemed contrary to the accepted universals and, consequently, discarded. This paper challenges the way language universals have been used to refute the PIE ergativity hypothesis. Indeed, the influence of the animacy hierarchy is known to be effective in many languages, but more as a tendency than as an absolute universal. Also, PIE is not a fully-fledged language, but rather a field of experimentation. I also present the viewpoint that PIE could have had no split at all, but solely a semantic impossibility to use inanimate noun phrases in an agent role, which seemed backed up by similar "embarrassments" in modern languages and by the so-called "Hittite ergative".

20

The Gospel as Literary Genre and Form of Language

89%

Basta P.

The Biblical Annals

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2021

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vol. 11

|

issue 3

441-458

PL

The studies on the literary genre “gospel” are often compared with the so-called Greco-Roman bíoi and popular literature. The points of contact are numerous and undeniable. As well as the differences and peculiarities of the gospels, whose link with the Hebrew Bible is a unicum to be taken into account. In particular, the typology, with its network of references, makes the canonical gospels a text proceeding through continuous phenomena of association and repetition with the ancient Scriptures. As result, the narrative takes on particular tones insofar as it indulges little in the chronicle, concentrating rather on the richness of meaning hidden in entire story of Christ. Consequently, the gospels are evidence of a mixed genre, having some characteristics of the Greco-Roman bíoi and contemporary popular Lives, together with constant re-elaboration of OT elements re-read and applied in a typological key. And it could not be otherwise because the events and the protagonist of the gospels perfectly intersect the horizontal and vertical dimensions of a story merging with the eternal.

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