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1
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Efektywność publicznej i sądowej kontroli uczciwości umów kredytów hipotecznych powiązanych z kursem waluty obcej

100%
Czabański J.
Studia Prawa Publicznego
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2018
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issue 1 (21)
71-99
EN
The article discusses problems created by the introduction of foreign currencies mortgage loans (especially indexed to the Swiss Franc) into the mass consumer market in Poland (mainly in years 2005–2008). Approximately 900 thousands of Polish consumers have their mortgage loans indexed to foreign currencies. This kind of loan became very popular due to lower interest rates. However, indexation of mortgage loan to foreign currency has also exposed borrowers to foreign exchange risk of which consumers were insufficiently informed. This risk has materialised to some extent with sharp increases in CHF exchange rate in 2009 and 2015. The article reports the unsuccessful attempts of self-regulation of the banking sector as well as delayed actions undertaken by regulatory bodies, namely the Banking Supervision Authority, and subsequently, the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, which tried to limit the scope of such risky loans on the consumer market. As political attempts to solve the problem have also been unfruitful, the individual litigations in civil courts have become of particular significance. The courts have not reached a common approach to individual claims yet. In some judgments such loans are declared null and void, in others orders are issued to perform the loans but disregarding the unfair terms of indexation. There are also judgments that declare such contracts perfectly legal. The author discusses the present case-law and presents a preferred direction of action which in his opinion may provide full protection of consumers against unfair contract terms which would be at the same time in line with the requirements of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
2
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The Dual/Multiple Nature of “Plain and Intelligible Language” of Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts under European Law and Its Polish Transposition

88%
Sitnik P.
Polish Yearbook of International Law
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2018
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vol. 38
253-272
EN
The “plain and intelligible language” requirement performs a dual function within the framework of Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts. First, it is listed as a requirement for application of the exemption included in Art. 4(2) as regards policing terms relating to the main subject matter of the contract or to the adequacy of the price and remuneration. Second, the “plain and intelligible language” requirement is a general requirement addressed at all consumer contracts executed in writing (Art. 5). This paper examines the boundaries of the precept, and places particular emphasis on the recent developments in both EU and Polish law, where the requirement has been used to imply a host of information duties aimed at enhancing consumers’ capacity to foresee the consequences of the terms that they are assenting to. This apparently novel approach, which has been developing in piecemeal fashion in the CJEU’s ever-expanding case law, may trigger significant consequences in the field of consumer contract law. In some ways, expansion of the substantive scope of the requirement may be said to be motivated by the fact that courts, under Art. 4(2) of Directive 93/13, are unable to subject the adequacy of the price and remuneration against the services or supply of goods received in exchange to the substantive fairness test under Art. 3(1) (examination of terms through the prism of the notions of good faith and significant imbalance in the parties’ rights and obligations to the detriment of the consumer).
3
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ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS AS A FACET OF SUBSTANTIVE UNFAIRNESS OF CONSUMER CONTRACT TERMS IN THE PRACTICE OF POLISH COURTS

75%
Sitnik P.
Review of European and Comparative Law
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2018
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vol. 34
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issue 3
59-83
PL
It is trite law and a common cliché reiterated in the judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union that the economic situation of a consumer subjected to a purportedly unfair consumer contract clause is generally impertinent. This general tenet of the European regulation of unfair terms in consumer contractsis borne out particularly by Article 4(2) of Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts, under which assessment of the unfair nature of a term shall not encompass an inquiry into the adequacy of the price and remuneration, on the one hand, as against the services or goodssupplies in exchange, on the other, in so far as these terms are in plain intelligible language. Despite this seemingly bold orientation towards the formal side of the unfairness assessment, efforts have been made to inject into the judicial exercise of discretion a degree of consideration of the economic standing and interests of both the consumer and the trader involved in the particular dispute at hand. This has been done primarily by reference to the “significant imbalance” requirement pursuant to Article 3(1) of the Directive. The paper reviews an extensive crosssection of judgments handed down in Polish courts based upon the Polish transposition of the Unfair Terms Directive to show that the courts have on numerous occasions ventured outside the boundaries delineated by traditional legal analysis (even beyond the flexible bounds of purposive interpretation) to scrutinize the size and gravity of the economic burden the term under scrutiny is liable to impose upon the consumer relative to its economic strength on the market.
4
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Ochrona konsumenta przed klauzulami nieuczciwymi w postępowaniu nakazowym w świetle orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE

65%
Szlaszyński M.
Studia Prawnicze
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2019
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issue 3 (219)
73-97
EN
The subject of the publication is the confrontation of the construction of the Polish civil payment-order procedure and the objectives it implements with the requirement of providing of the effective consumer protection against unfair clauses by EU Member States, including Poland. The background of the issues raised are CJEU’s judgements issued at the end of 2018 in cases C-176/17 and C-632/17. By using formal-dogmatic method, the author analyzes the Polish payment-order procedure from the perspective of requirements set out by the CJEU’s judgements in providing the consumer with an effective legal remedy that protects him against unfair clauses at the stage of court proceedings. The author presents as a model solution de lege lata regulations in the procedural law that supports the employee in proceedings against the employer.
PL
Przedmiotem publikacji jest konfrontacja konstrukcji polskiego cywilnego postępowania nakazowego i celów, jakie realizuje z wymogiem zapewnienia przez państwa członkowskie UE, w tym Polskę, efektywnej ochrony konsumenta przed klauzulami nieuczciwymi. Kanwą podjętej problematyki są wydane pod koniec 2018 r. orzeczenia TSUE w sprawach C-176/17 oraz C-632/17. Autor, wykorzystując metodę formalno-dogmatyczną, dokonuje analizy polskiego postępowania nakazowego z perspektywy ukształtowanych przez orzecznictwo TSUE wymogów w zakresie zapewnienia konsumentowi w postępowaniu sądowym skutecznego środka prawnego dającego ochronę przed klauzulami nieuczciwymi. Autor stawia za wzór funkcjonujące de lege lata rozwiązania na gruncie prawa procesowego wspierające pracownika w postępowaniu przeciwko pracodawcy.
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Badanie przez sąd z urzędu skuteczności powołania się na właściwość miejsca płatności weksla — uwagi na marginesie uchwały Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 19 października 2017, III CZP 42/17

63%
Jadłowski P.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2019
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vol. 116
29-40
EN
The article is about the relation between the obligation of ex officio examination of unfair terms in consumer contracts, including determining the jurisdiction of the court, and the nature of promissory law. The author will consider whether the domicile clause included in the promissory note issued by the consumer or defined in the promissory note agreement may constitute an unfair term in a consumer contract. It will be necessary to assess the character of promisory notes and terms contained. The consequence of the unilateral nature of issuing a promissory note is a denial of the right to examine the abusiveness of the terms contained in the fully completed promissory note. The possibility of examining the unfair character of the domicile clause exists, however, in the case of a blank promissory note, since it may not concern the promissory note itself, but the terms of the promissory note agreement.
6
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Intricacies of Significant Imbalance as the Cornerstone of Protection against Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts under EU Law

63%
Sitnik P.
Studia Iuridica
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2019
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vol. 82
227-262
EN
Significant imbalance in the rights and obligations of the parties to a consumer contract term is, together with good faith, a fundamental pillar of substantive protection against unfair terms. It is the primary tool provided by Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts with a view to mitigating differences in bargaining power between professional traders and consumer on the ever-expanding capitalistic market within the EU. The paper comprehensively reviews the meaning of the “significant imbalance” element by reference to a cross-section of judgments handed by the CJEU and Polish courts. Generally, albeit with a few notable exceptions, the former court has engaged in a subjective-objective exercise aimed at discovering what the balance of rights and obligations would have been between the parties in the particular dispute at hand had it not been for the purportedly unfair clause. Besides that, the requirement has been utilized to impose ad bolster a host of information duties levied on traders so that protection is extended to cases where the consumer is unaware of their rights or are deterred from enforcing them due to procedural obstacles or prohibitive costs of judicial or administrative proceedings. The requirement of significant balance, rooted in the idea that the disproportion of market power between the parties to a disputed term necessitates government or judicial intervention to achieve or restore contractual equilibrium, is shown from a plethora of angles: its ideological foundations, practical connotations, its emphasis on consumer vulnerability and approach to economic power. Assistance and inspiration re gleaned from Polish jurisprudence where numerous questions either unanswered by the CJEU or left to the consideration of national courts, particularly the relation between reasonableness, on the one hand, and significant imbalance and good faith on the other, as well as between significant imbalance and good faith, have been tackled.
7
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Prawne konsekwencje bezskuteczności czynności prawnych wobec stwierdzenia abuzywności klauzul jednostronnie narzuconych w świetle opinii rzecznika TSUE w sprawie C‑520/21

63%
Gorzko P.
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
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2023
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vol. 18
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issue 20 (1)
95-113
EN
The legal problem concerning consequences of determining the unfairness of standardized contractual terms and further the ineffectiveness of the whole contract is becoming more and more important issue in the days of growing number of cases which are questioning the legal validity of the loans indexed to the CHF. The prejudicial question was sent to European Court of Justice on the basis of one such case and the future ruling is about to be given considering legal argumentation presented in the opinion of advocate general – case C-520/21. The subject of the article deals with direct legal consequences of the ineffectiveness of the whole contract which included unfair standardized clauses. The main effect is duty to restore the consumer to the legal and factual situation and return of the values obtained by the parties to the contract. It also analyzes the further effects such as responsibility for damages on standardized clause user’s side and hypothetical compensation for the use of the obtained value by the other party. Legal arguments in this matter are based mainly on the aforementioned opinion and doctrine developed in Polish and German civil law. They are focused on presenting the preferred direction of UE countries domestic legislation which is obliged to ensure the full effectiveness of the directive 93/13/EEC. As long as directive opens the general possibility to introduce user’s responsibility for damages it is to be determined what specific legal ground for such responsibility would be. On the other hand, the general rule of law which forbids earning profits from the illegal actions eliminates the possibility of introducing right to compensation for the use of the obtained value to the domestic system of law.
PL
Zagadnienie skutków prawnych stwierdzenia nieuczciwości klauzul narzuconych oraz będącej jej następstwem bezskuteczności umowy jej zawierającej staje się szczególnie doniosłym zagadnieniem prawnym w dobie rosnącej liczby spraw kwestionujących ważność umów kredytowych denominowanych w obcej walucie. Na kanwie jednej z tego rodzaju spraw sformułowane zostało pytanie prejudycjalne do TSUE, które ma stać się dopiero przedmiotem rozstrzygnięcia przy użyciu sformułowanej już opinii do sprawy C‑520/21. Poruszana w artykule materia dotyka wprost bezpośrednich skutków upadku umowy zawierającej postanowienia niedozwolone, tj. przywrócenia sytuacji prawnej drugiej strony do stanu sprzed obowiązywania tych postanowień oraz zwrotu spełnionych przez strony świadczeń. Zajmuje się również dalszymi skutkami bezskuteczności umowy, tj. odpowiedzialnością odszkodowawczą podmiotu używającego niedozwolonych klauzul oraz ewentualną dopuszczalnością roszczeń o wynagrodzenie za korzystanie ze spełnionego świadczenia względem kontrahenta takiego użytkownika. Analiza prawna przedstawiona w oparciu o wytyczne opinii oraz dorobek doktryny prawa polskiego i niemieckiego koncentruje się na odpowiednich wytycznych kierunkowych w zakresie kształtowania porządku prawnego państw członkowskich zmierzających do zapewnienia należytej efektywności postanowień dyrektywy 93/13/EWG. Otwierając drogę dla roszczeń odszkodowawczych względem użytkownika postanowień niedozwolonych zaprezentowane zostają potencjalne podstawy prawne dla ukształtowania takiej odpowiedzialności. Jednocześnie pozbawiając nieuczciwych użytkowników postanowień narzuconych prawa do korzystania z wywołania sytuacji abuzywności klauzul zamknięciu ulega dyskusja dotycząca konstruowania ewentualnych roszczeń względem strony pokrzywdzonej abuzywności tj. przede wszystkim konsumentów.
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