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A Gloss to the Judgment of the Appellate Court in Warsaw of 28 May 2013 (VI Aca 785/13)

100%
Witczak H.
Review of European and Comparative Law
|
2022
|
vol. 50
|
issue 3
239-258
EN
In the glossed judgement, the Appellate Court examined the possibility of declaring the respondent unworthy of succession should he have committed the offence of avoidance of the duty of maintenance of the testator (Article 209 PC) or the offence of abandonment of the testator (Article 210 PC). The court’s considerations were purely hypothetical, as in the course of the proceedings, it was not proven whether the heir had actually committed these offences. The court allowed the recognition of the heir as unworthy if he had committed the offence of persistent avoidance of the duty of maintenance, but only if it could be proven. The court’s position raises certain doubts. Any conduct that violates familial nexus, in particular, should be verified for the existence of grounds for exclusion from succession, since this bond, in the legal sense, has its source in the relationship of marriage, consanguinity, and affinity, and these determine the legal title to inheritance. In particular, it is not understandable why persistent failure to fulfil family obligations, even if it is not an offence that a civil tribunal could additionally qualify as serious, does not actually produce legal consequences for the parent if the other party to the family relationship is a minor. It seems that wherever we are confronted with malicious and intentional failure to perform family duties, it should be assumed, provided that the statutory criteria of this specific type of offence are met, that in abstracto a serious offence has taken place.
2
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The Legal Status of Minor Testator’s Parents Deprived of Parental Authority in Intestate Succession. Some Remarks on the Solutions in Polish, Russian, and Italian Law

100%
Witczak H.
Review of European and Comparative Law
|
2021
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vol. 47
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issue 4
107-134
EN
The legal situation of minor testator’s parents in intestate succession poses a significant legal and social problem. In Polish law, parents who have been deprived of parental authority continue to enjoy their civil-law status; in other words, they maintain the right to inherit from their child under statute. Meanwhile, the reasons for which the court applied the strictest possible “sanction” in the form of deprivation of authority of parents who, in exercising their rights under parental authority, seriously violated the child’s interest or grossly neglected parental obligations, which is noticeable even to an ordinary bystander, seem to be sufficient “proof” that family ties, which are decisive for the statutory title to inherit, do not exist. If these ties are severed or seriously disrupted, the consequences should be seen in all areas of life. Simply put, persons who deliberately break apart the family should not enjoy the advantages that the law provides for testator’s closest relatives. In such a case, to consider the effect of deprivation of parental authority by “releasing” its holders from any obligation towards the child may not be considered a sufficient civil sanction, especially given that in the vast majority of cases, the reason for such deprivation is gross neglect of parental duties by one or both parents. The consequences of this type of negligence should also, if not primarily, consist in the deprivation of pecuniary benefits that the parents of a minor could enjoy after his or her death. The current legal solutions governing this area undoubtedly need to be revised. Such imperfect normative solutions adopted in Polish law prove the need to propose de lege ferenda recommendations. In this context, it is worthwhile to have a look at the normative solutions adopted in foreign legal systems and whether they can be grafted on Polish law. The reference to the Russian and Italian legal systems seems particularly recommendable due to the fact that their normative solutions directly allude to the institution of deprivation of parental authority in the context of admissibility of the title to inherit.
3
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Wpływ prawomocnego skazania na wyrok sądu w sprawie o niegodność dziedziczenia. Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Katowicach z dnia 21 stycznia 2019 r., I ACa 576/12

63%
Partyk A.
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
|
2019
|
issue 1(24)
243-258
EN
In the commentary I deal with the issue of the impact of a non-appealable verdict held in criminal proceedings for the crime of deceased’s abuse on the procedure concerning the unworthiness of inheritance. In reality of the case, such a conviction was passed to the testator’s wife, who was attributed physical and psychological abuse against her husband. Th e court of appeal in a case concerning the unworthiness of inheritance of the deceased, bound by the decision of the criminal court, found that the defendant (the wife of the testator) committed a serious crime against him. Given that the crime of abuse can only be committed intentionally, the court took the view that the claim of the unworthiness of inheritance deserved to be taken into account. In my opinion, the judgment of the Court of Appeal was correct. It is also to be welcomed that the court of the second instance decided to suspend proceedings until the criminal court delivered a judgment in a case of deceased’s abuse. After a conviction, the court of appeal correctly decided to take proceedings and gave a ruling on the merits of the case. Consequently, the court changed the contested judgment dismissing the claim and ruled that the defendant’s succession to the deceased was unworthy. This was the right decision to make from the point of view of procedural economics.
PL
W niniejszej glosie zajmuję się problemem wpływu wydania przez sąd karny prawomocnego wyroku skazującego za przestępstwo znęcania się nad spadkodawcą na postępowanie o niegodność dziedziczenia. W realiach sprawy taki wyrok skazujący zapadł wobec żony spadkodawcy, której przypisano stosowanie przemocy fizycznej i psychicznej wobec jej męża. Sąd odwoławczy w sprawie o niegodność dziedziczenia, związany orzeczeniem sądu karnego, uznał, że pozwana (żona spadkodawcy) dopuściła się wobec niego ciężkiego przestępstwa. Mając na względzie, że przestępstwo znęcania może być popełnione wyłącznie umyślnie, sąd doszedł do przekonania, że powództwo o niegodność dziedziczenia zasługiwało na uwzględnienie. W moim przekonaniu wyrok sądu apelacyjnego był słuszny. Również na aprobatę zasługuje to, że sąd drugiej instancji zdecydował się na zawieszenie postępowania do czasu wydania przez sąd karny wyroku w sprawie o znęcanie nad spadkodawcą. Po wydaniu wyroku skazującego, sąd odwoławczy prawidłowo zdecydował się na podjęcie postępowania i wydanie orzeczenia co do istoty sprawy. W związku z tym sąd zmienił zaskarżony wyrok oddalający powództwo i orzekł o niegodności dziedziczenia pozwanej po spadkodawcy. Takie postąpienie sądu było słuszne z punktu widzenia ekonomiki procesowej.
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