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1

Uprowadzenia i porwania rodzinne. wybrane konteksty kryzysów rodziny i próby ich rozwiązywania

100%

Dąbrowska A., Wojtkowiak M.

Problemy Opiekuńczo-Wychowawcze

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2018

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vol. 570(5)

14-25

PL

Artykuł podejmuje problematykę uprowadzeń i porwań rodzicielskich jako zjawiska będącego kryzysem wydolności rodziny. Przyjęta problematyka implikuje konieczność analizy opisywanego zagadnienia zarówno z perspektywy naruszenia normy prawnej jak i zakłócenia funkcjonowania rodziny jako środowiska wychowawczego. Ten drugi aspekt pociąga za sobą konieczność wskazania, możliwości wyjścia z kryzysu, dróg pomocy, osób i organizacji mogących tej pomocy udzielić a także szans na zaradzenie skutkom sytuacji trudnej na przyszłość. Jako szczególną formę działań naprawczych podejmowanych w opisywanej sytuacji wskazano mediację rodzinną, która stanowić może drogę do pogłębionej analizy i zrozumienia konfliktu przez strony, co może decydować o skuteczności w przeciwdziałaniu powtarzalności zjawiska.

2

Uprowadzenie bądź zatrzymanie małoletniego lub osoby nieporadnej w świetle art. 211 kodeksu karnego

94%

MAJKRZAK K.

Prawo Kanoniczne

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2017

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vol. 60

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issue 2

173-183

EN

In the article 211 of the Criminal Code in the catalog of offenses against family and care, the legislator stated that anyone who, against the will of a person appointed to care or supervision, abduct or detain a minor under the age of 15 or mentally or physically helpless person shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty of 3 months up to 5 years. Institution of care and supervision is the legal and statutory protection. At the same time care and supervision are provided for the proper development and well-being of a minor or helpless person. The crime implies the effect of deprivation of legitimate care or supervision over a minor below the age of 15 or a helpless person.

PL

W art. 211 kodeksu karnego w katalogu przestępstw przeciwko rodzinie i opiece, ustawodawca określił iż, kto wbrew woli osoby powołanej do opieki lub nadzoru, uprowadza lub zatrzymuje małoletniego poniżej lat 15 albo osobę nieporadną ze względu na jej stan psychiczny lub fizyczny, podlega karze pozbawienia wolności od 3 miesięcy do lat 5. Dobrem prawnym podlegającym ochronie prawnokarnej jest instytucja opieki i nadzoru. Przy czym opieka i nadzór ustanawiane są w trosce o prawidłowy rozwój i dobro osoby małoletniej lub nieporadnej. Przestępstwo niniejsze ma charakter skutkowy. Skutkiem jest pozbawienie uprawnionego możliwości sprawowania opieki lub nadzoru w stosunku do małoletniego poniżej lat 15 lub nieporadnego.

3

Występek uprowadzenia osoby małoletniej lub nieporadnej na tle regulacji międzynarodowych

67%

Miązek M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Zbliżenia Cywilizacyjne

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2020

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vol. 16

|

issue 1

26-52

EN

International regulations provide comprehensive and sufficient protection against cross-border abductions and detentions. Among the most important international law instruments is the Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. (The Hague, 25th October 1980) This international agreement allows protection for victims of the crime in question against its negative effects. In addition, the Convention guarantees the immediate return of the unlawfully abducted or detained to the country of permanent residence. Among the discussed international law documents, the Council Regulation No. 2201/2003 (the so-called Brussels II bis 27th November 2003) de¬serves special attention. It regulates jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments and parental responsibility.

PL

Regulacje międzynarodowe zapewniają kompleksową i wystarczającą ochronę przed uprowadzeniami i zatrzymaniami o charakterze transgranicznym. Wśród najważniej-szych aktów prawa międzynarodowego, należy wyróżnić Konwencję dotyczącą cywilnych aspektów uprowadzeń dziecka za granicę (Haga, 25 października 1980 r.). Wspomniana umowa międzynarodowa pozwala na zapewnienie ochrony pokrzywdzonym omawianym przestępstwem przed jego negatywnymi skutkami. Ponadto, na mocy Konwencji zagwarantowany jest bezzwłoczny powrót bezprawnie uprowadzonego bądź zatrzymanego do państwa stałego pobytu. Wśród omówionych dokumentów prawa międzynarodowego, na szczególną uwagę zasługuje również Rozporządzenie Rady Nr 2201/2003 (tzw. Bruksela II bis – 27 listopada 2003 r.). Reguluje ono jurysdykcję oraz uznawanie i wykonywanie orzeczeń w sprawach małoletnich oraz dotyczących odpowiedzialności rodzicielskiej.

4

Przestępstwa uprowadzenia lub zatrzymania małoletniego lub osoby nieporadnej (art. 188 K.K.)

60%

Kołakowska-Przełomiec H.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

1984

|

issue XI

227-244

EN

The present article contains a detailed description and results of analysis of cases of abduction and detention sentenced in Poland in 1979. The total of these cases was 9. Abduction or detention, specified in Art. 188 of the Polish Penal Code, belongs to the group of offences against the family. Art. 188 of the Penal Code provides, that "whoever contrary to the will of the person appointed to take care or to supervise, abducts or detains a minor or a person who is helpless by reason of this mental or physical condition, shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for from 6 months to 5 years”. Theoretical studies and commentaries to the Penal Code stress the fact that the subject of legal protection in Art. 188 of the Penal Code is the institution of care and supervision. Art. 188 is turned against lawless one-sided alterations in the relation, directly determined or adjudicated by court, of care or supervision of a person specified in this Article. It is also indicated that this Article aims at protecting the child from the lawlessness of this quarrelling parents or other persons. It is also characteristic that the commentaries stress the fact that the motives from which the perpetrator acted are unessential as regards the existence of an offence specified in Art. 188. A small number of persons sentenced for abduction or detention does not mean that offences of this kind are of little social significance. The real extent of this phenomenon is much greater than indicated by the small number of sentenced persons. As the common knowledge shows, the cases of lawless taking away of the children by quarrelling parents or relatives are frequent. Thus it could have been expected that the cases of abduction or detention which had been investigated by court as offences might be particularly drastic of nature. Yet the analysis of all cases failed to confirm this supposition. Among the 9 cases, there were 4 cases of "abdcution" and 5 cases of "detention'' of minors. None of the cases concerned a helpless person. In as few as 2 cases the minors were strangers unrelated to the perpetrator. In four cases, the minors were sons of the perpetrators, in one case the minor was the perpetrator's daughter, in one case – granddaughter; also in one case, the minor was the perpetrator’s cousion. Among the perpetrators of „abduction" or „detention” there were six men and three women. The analysis of all criminal cases specified in Art. 188 reveals two sides of this type of offence: a) the aspect of family, care, and education, b) the criminal aspect. However, these two sides are not closely connected with one another. The cases of "abduction and detention" as represented in the paper reveal the background on which it comes to various forms of behaviour of parents towards children and towards each other. In the majority of cases, an intervention of guardianship authorities in the life of parents and children has already taken place and various provisions have been made. However, they failed to eliminate the existing conflicts, what is more, they increased them. The further execution of these decisions lacks additional supervision which would ensure a free contact with the child for the parent with whom the child does, not reside permanently, and, on the other hand, which would limit the lawlessness of mothers who do not allow the fathers to contact the children they care for. Therefore, in the examined cases we deal with "abduction'' or "detention'' of a child by his father who is faced with difficulties on the mother's part when he wants to see his child. The analysed cases are not drastic in character as regards the conduct of perpetrators and the circumstances of their offence. On the other hand, they are generally most drastic as regards legal proceedings in such cases and sentences. The examined fathers, mother, grandmother, and cousin are treated as offenders: persecuted, charged, tried, and sentenced for acts which, even if they disturbed the institution of care, could be treated as family and care cases. Generally it seems that the criminal character of the analysed cases is independent and separate, so to say, from the entire aspect of family, care, and education of these cases. It may be assumed that this situation is to a certain degree conditioned by the dogmatic and formalistic approach in the proceedings and sentencing in these cases, which is based on the formulation found in commentaries, that the perpetrator’s motives are unrelevant to the existence of the offence, and that the subject of legal protection in Art. 188 is the institution of care and supervision, not the interest of the abducted person. In the final part of the present paper it is stressed that while protecting the institution of care, one should still take into consideration first of all the interest of the child for whom this institution is to function. It is also in the child's interest that his parents and close relations do not become criminals because of him. The cases of „abduction and detention of a minor” should be examined as cases of family and care, penal law proceedings instituted only in cases of actual abduction of a minor, first of all that committed by strangers.

PL

The present article contains a detailed description and results of analysis of cases of abduction and detention sentenced in Poland in 1979. The total of these cases was 9. Abduction or detention, specified in Art. 188 of the Polish Penal Code, belongs to the group of offences against the family. Art. 188 of the Penal Code provides, that "whoever contrary to the will of the person appointed to take care or to supervise, abducts or detains a minor or a person who is helpless by reason of this mental or physical condition, shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for from 6 months to 5 years”. Theoretical studies and commentaries to the Penal Code stress the fact that the subject of legal protection in Art. 188 of the Penal Code is the institution of care and supervision. Art. 188 is turned against lawless one-sided alterations in the relation, directly determined or adjudicated by court, of care or supervision of a person specified in this Article. It is also indicated that this Article aims at protecting the child from the lawlessness of this quarrelling parents or other persons. It is also characteristic that the commentaries stress the fact that the motives from which the perpetrator acted are unessential as regards the existence of an offence specified in Art. 188. A small number of persons sentenced for abduction or detention does not mean that offences of this kind are of little social significance. The real extent of this phenomenon is much greater than indicated by the small number of sentenced persons. As the common knowledge shows, the cases of lawless taking away of the children by quarrelling parents or relatives are frequent. Thus it could have been expected that the cases of abduction or detention which had been investigated by court as offences might be particularly drastic of nature. Yet the analysis of all cases failed to confirm this supposition. Among the 9 cases, there were 4 cases of "abdcution" and 5 cases of "detention'' of minors. None of the cases concerned a helpless person. In as few as 2 cases the minors were strangers unrelated to the perpetrator. In four cases, the minors were sons of the perpetrators, in one case the minor was the perpetrator's daughter, in one case – granddaughter; also in one case, the minor was the perpetrator’s cousion. Among the perpetrators of „abduction" or „detention” there were six men and three women. The analysis of all criminal cases specified in Art. 188 reveals two sides of this type of offence: a) the aspect of family, care, and education, b) the criminal aspect. However, these two sides are not closely connected with one another. The cases of "abduction and detention" as represented in the paper reveal the background on which it comes to various forms of behaviour of parents towards children and towards each other. In the majority of cases, an intervention of guardianship authorities in the life of parents and children has already taken place and various provisions have been made. However, they failed to eliminate the existing conflicts, what is more, they increased them. The further execution of these decisions lacks additional supervision which would ensure a free contact with the child for the parent with whom the child does, not reside permanently, and, on the other hand, which would limit the lawlessness of mothers who do not allow the fathers to contact the children they care for. Therefore, in the examined cases we deal with "abduction'' or "detention'' of a child by his father who is faced with difficulties on the mother's part when he wants to see his child. The analysed cases are not drastic in character as regards the conduct of perpetrators and the circumstances of their offence. On the other hand, they are generally most drastic as regards legal proceedings in such cases and sentences. The examined fathers, mother, grandmother, and cousin are treated as offenders: persecuted, charged, tried, and sentenced for acts which, even if they disturbed the institution of care, could be treated as family and care cases. Generally it seems that the criminal character of the analysed cases is independent and separate, so to say, from the entire aspect of family, care, and education of these cases. It may be assumed that this situation is to a certain degree conditioned by the dogmatic and formalistic approach in the proceedings and sentencing in these cases, which is based on the formulation found in commentaries, that the perpetrator’s motives are unrelevant to the existence of the offence, and that the subject of legal protection in Art. 188 is the institution of care and supervision, not the interest of the abducted person. In the final part of the present paper it is stressed that while protecting the institution of care, one should still take into consideration first of all the interest of the child for whom this institution is to function. It is also in the child's interest that his parents and close relations do not become criminals because of him. The cases of „abduction and detention of a minor” should be examined as cases of family and care, penal law proceedings instituted only in cases of actual abduction of a minor, first of all that committed by strangers.

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Uprowadzenia i porwania rodzinne. wybrane konteksty kryzysów rodziny i próby ich rozwiązywania

Uprowadzenie bądź zatrzymanie małoletniego lub osoby nieporadnej w świetle art. 211 kodeksu karnego

Występek uprowadzenia osoby małoletniej lub nieporadnej na tle regulacji międzynarodowych

Przestępstwa uprowadzenia lub zatrzymania małoletniego lub osoby nieporadnej (art. 188 K.K.)